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Chapter 12 Section 1 Rise of the Roman Republic

Rome lies near the center of the Italian Peninsula

Early days Historians do not know exactly how Rome was founded, but the Romans have a legend about the city. Legend says, Rome was founded by two twins, Romulus and Remus. Their mother was a Latin Princess, and their father was Mars, the god of war.

The boys jealous uncle had them put in a basket and sent down the Tiber River. A she wolf rescued the boys from the river, and a shepherd raised them.

Romulus and Remus once they were older, gathered a group of men to found a new city. However, they could not agree on a name, so they got in a fight, and Romulus killed Remus. Romulus named the new city Rome.

Historians do not believe the legend, but the story does show that the Romans believe that their city has a special connection to the gods.

First people settled Rome around 800 B.C. Villages were built on top of seven hills over looking the Tiber River. Over time, these villages formed a single town, and eventually a city.

Romans drained the swampy area between two of the hills, and this became the Forum. The Forum was the center of Roman government, religion, and economy.

Factors for success City’s hills gave the Romans a natural defense from invaders Had access to a nearby port River moved too fast, so ships could not attack Located on key trade routes

Roman Kings In early Roman days, kings ruled the city. Kings served as head on the army, chief priest, and supreme judge. Kings helped the city grow Kings ruled with the consent of the senate, which was made up of older male aristocrats.

Over time, the aristocrats grew tired of the king. Tarquin was the 7 th king of Rome, and he was a cruel leader. Leading Romans overthrew him, and created a republic. A republic is a government in which citizens have the right to vote and elect officials

Romans borrowed from different Italian cultures Before Rome formed, Greeks moved into southern Italy around 700 B.C. and brought their culture with them. Romans would later come in contact with these people and this taught the Romans about Greek culture.

Greeks in Italy had a strong influence on Roman culture. Romans identified their gods with Greek gods Romans also adopted Greek legends and heroes as their own.

The Etruscans Etruscans were the most powerful people in Italy when Rome was founded Etruscans also had influence on Romans culture Etruscans were advanced artist and builders, they also sailed around the Mediterranean as traders.

Roman Expansion Romans were feared conquerors By the late 200s B.C., Rome ruled all of Italy

Legions Basic unit of army was the Legion Legions had 4,500 to 5,000 heavily armed soldiers Most of these soldiers were infantry or foot soldiers

Each legion was broke into a maniple, which was soldiers Romans adopted war innovations from other people – For example: The gladius or short sword from spain – Maniples were first used by the Samnites, who lived in mountains in central Italy

Friends and allies Rome gained power with help from allies Romans often signed treaties with people they conquered These treaties often required conquered people to send troops to fight with the Romans. Eventually loyal allies were given Roman citizenship

Page 369 questions 4-9 Write questions and answers

Pre-bell *Do on the same sheet from last class! Page 375 #1-3 Write the questions and the answers

Pride time!!! Get a book and read silently

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Government of the Republic The Roman Republic lasted for 500 years

Principles of the Roman Government Roman government consisted of an aristocracy, democracy, and monarchy

The government was constructed by a constitution. Unlike the United States, the Roman constitution was unwritten.

The main idea of Roman Government was Separation of powers. Power is shared among different people with set roles. After the last king was thrown out, Roman did not want to be ruled by a single ruler. – WHO WAS THE LAST KING OF ROME?

Tarquin Latin name – Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

How did Romans limit officials power? Romans elected two men for the same position The two men were called consuls

Consuls could veto each other Romans only allowed men to be in office for one year

Government was split into three branches – Assemblies – Senate – Magistrates

Each Branch had its own power, and was balanced against the other branches One branch could not hold all the power Most of the time however, the Senate was the most powerful branch.

Rule of law means that the law applies to everyone

Roman Citizens Free Roman men were citizens Women and slaves were not citizens, and had no role in government.

The toga was the symbol of Roman Citizenship

Any adult male citizen had the right to vote Male citizens also had the responsibility to serve in the army if he could afford his own armor.

Citizens were divided into two groups Patricians- members of the oldest families – Wealthy – Controlled most government offices – The minority group

The second group was the Plebeians – Were the majority – Did not come from old Roman families – Common farmers or artisans – Some were wealthy

Assemblies and Senate All adult male citizens participated in assemblies Officials were elected, and laws were passed at assemblies

The senate was made up of the wealthiest and best known Roman men The senate advised the assemblies on decision

Magistrates Magistrates were wealthy men Ancestors had to have held office to get this position Magistrates enforce laws, and were like monarchs

Other positions Tribune was the office that protected the interest of the plebeians Praetors judged cases, managed the city of Rome, and led armies in times of war Consuls were top officials, & their most important job was to lead the army, and also presided over the senate and assemblies

Dictators were elected only in times of emergency, and this person would hold complete power, but only for a limited time. He served for a maximum of six months

Questions 4-9 on page 375 Write the questions and the answers

Bell Work Page # 3-5 Write the questions and answers

Chapter 12 Section 4 The Republic’s and Crisis

The Struggle is Real Rome fought in a series of three wars known as the Punic Wars

Hannibal Hannibal was Carthage’s most successful general