Input & Output  Input Hardware  Devices that translate into a form the computer can process  Translates, and into  Output Hardware  Devices that translate information processed by the computer into a form humans can understand  Translates into, and

Input: Keyboards  Keyboards: convert letters, numbers, and characters into  Our keyboard – “ keyboard”  Problems with layout?  Standard  keys desktop standard, keys for laptops (no numeric keypad)  Wired  Connect to via a serial or port  Wireless  Require line of sight to connect  Use either or technology  Virtual keyboard  Uses to project a keyboard onto another surface  used with PDAs and smartphones

Input: Pointing Devices   Control the position of the cursor or pointer in the screen and allow the user to select options displayed on the screen  Used with  Most today are  Use reflection of to determine movement of mouse pointer  position for wrist  Trackball  A movable mounted on top of a stationary device  Good for locations where a couldn’t move enough  Good for people with

Input: Pointing Devices   To use: slide your finger over this small flat surface  Click by on the surface  May require more practice to use than a mouse   A sensitized to receive input from a finger  Cruder than a mouse, because are big  Problems: that show a that is not precisely aligned with the input  input  Use a for input rather than typing on a keyboard  Can use to translate into data  Problems with ?

Scanners  Use equipment to translate images of text, drawings, and photos into digital form  reflects off image and scanner measures reflection at  Measurements can either be shades of gray or color  Color:  Points are in rows and columns across the image  Measurements are stored as digital code (called a ) in a file (a “ ”)  - The more in each dot, the more colors that can be represented.  refers to the image sharpness, measured in

Scanners   Photoelectric (optical) scanners that translate symbols into digital code  Left and right-most are special so that scanner can always tell whether an image is or  The is then sent to a computer  The computer looks up the item and displays its name and pricing info

OCR  OCR – software  Converts scanned from images (pictures of the ) to an format  You use this to read in non-computer documents where you don’t have the source files Q: Why is this difficult for the computer? Is it difficult for us? What does this say about the computer’s capabilities? Q: Who does this help? Can you think of populations who’d value this technology?

Sound: Audio Input Devices  Translates sound into files for storage and processing  – continuous (like music)  – numbers (in this case, at discrete points in time)  We measure the displacement of air and store the measurements in a file as a sound file.  Two ways to audio   A card in a PC that converts sound (usually from a microphone) to sound, stores it in a file, and/or plays it back to speakers or amp   Uses a standard for the interchange between musical instruments, synthesizers, and PCs

Speech Recognition Systems  Converts a person’s into digital representations of and  Usually by signal to 200,000 or so stored Q: what populations would find this most useful?  Still not often used in place of the mouse/keyboard for fast document creation  Dragon Dictate  ScanSoft’s Open Speech Dialog  Apple Speech Recognition  ScanSoft’s Navigon MobileNavigator 5

Other Input Hardware   Use a light-sensitive chip to capture in form and store them (usually on flash memory cards)  Most can be connected to a PC by or FireWire  Can allow you to take more pictures and decide which ones to print and save  Be aware:  printed at home don’t last nearly as long as those printed at a photo shop  Storing photos: ’s may only last 5 – 25 years

Input Hardware RFID Tags  tags use a tag with a containing specific  Scanners use to read them and match the to a  Enables items to be tracked without physical contact  Drivers put RFID tags in cars to automatically  is tagging certain with RFID to avoid counterfeits  Carmakers are using it for car electronic  RFID tags are implanted under to aid in recovery and identification when they get  Used to scan for Q: What other uses can you think of for RFID Tags?

Health & Ergonomics  :  Studying the use of and the movements needed to use those   Results from continuous, motions  E.g., Tennis elbow  Represents 62%of all North American WC claims  Nearly $15-20 billion in lost work time and WC claims each year  E.g.,  caused by pressure on the median nerve in the, caused by short repetitive movement  Too much typing, too much mouse use!

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Prevention  Keep hands, arms, and fingers strong and flexible  Don’t smoke  Switch mouse hands  Restrict salt intake  Use ergonomically correct keyboard  Keep wrists straight and elevated when typing  Use pad for wrists (only for when resting, not when typing)  Don’t slouch  Type correctly  Take breaks  Do exercises to flex and stretch wrists and hands  Keep hands and arms warm  Use other forms of input  Use voice recognition software  Use larger font  start->control panel-> display->appearance->font size  Use mouse as little as possible