Subtropical Deforestation: Paraguay in the 1990s Alice Altstatt 1, Sunghee Kim 1, John Townshend 1, Compton Tucker 1,2, John Musinsky 3, Rob Clay 4, Oscar Rodas 4 and Troy Curry 1 1 University of Maryland, 2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 3 Conservation International, 4 Guyra Paraguay Paraguay Oriental Paraguay Gran Chaco Paraguay Oriental The Interior Atlantic Forest once covered 85% of eastern Paraguay. This semi-deciduous moist forest contains endemic subtropical tree species as well as some tropical and cerrado species. It is one of the most biologically diverse, yet threatened ecosystems in the world. This forest continues to disappear at an alarming rate. In the first time period ( ), 32% of the study area was covered by forest (31,077 km 2 of a total study area of 98,622 km 2 ). By the second time period ( ), forest cover had been reduced by 29% to 22,109 km 2 - a loss of 8,969 km 2 of forest. The rate of deforestation between the two time periods was 700 – 900 km 2 per year. The pattern of deforestation includes large scale conversion of forest to agricultural use, small scale encroachment into forest by campesinos, and forest clearing and degradation through timber harvesting. Paraguay Oriental The Interior Atlantic Forest once covered 85% of eastern Paraguay. This semi-deciduous moist forest contains endemic subtropical tree species as well as some tropical and cerrado species. It is one of the most biologically diverse, yet threatened ecosystems in the world. This forest continues to disappear at an alarming rate. In the first time period ( ), 32% of the study area was covered by forest (31,077 km 2 of a total study area of 98,622 km 2 ). By the second time period ( ), forest cover had been reduced by 29% to 22,109 km 2 - a loss of 8,969 km 2 of forest. The rate of deforestation between the two time periods was 700 – 900 km 2 per year. The pattern of deforestation includes large scale conversion of forest to agricultural use, small scale encroachment into forest by campesinos, and forest clearing and degradation through timber harvesting. Methodology Nine pairs of Landsat scenes were used to produce this land cover change map using our established processing methods. A recent Landsat ETM+ scene is co-registered to an ealier orthorectified TM EarthSat Geocover scene. Spectral data from both dates is input into an unsupervised isoclustering algorithm. The output clusters are assigned to land cover classes using an in- house module, PClassV. Pixels of output cluster values that fall into more than one land cover or land cover change class are iteratively reprocessed under the isoclustering algorithm and reclassified under PClassV until all pixels fall into a single category. For each scene, the final land cover change thematic map is filtered to remove polygons of less than 4 contiguous pixels. The overlapping scene maps are checked for consistency, and then mosaiced into a single map. Image interpretation and classification is performed by experienced data analysts using supplemental data provided by collaborators in Paraguay. Methodology Nine pairs of Landsat scenes were used to produce this land cover change map using our established processing methods. A recent Landsat ETM+ scene is co-registered to an ealier orthorectified TM EarthSat Geocover scene. Spectral data from both dates is input into an unsupervised isoclustering algorithm. The output clusters are assigned to land cover classes using an in- house module, PClassV. Pixels of output cluster values that fall into more than one land cover or land cover change class are iteratively reprocessed under the isoclustering algorithm and reclassified under PClassV until all pixels fall into a single category. For each scene, the final land cover change thematic map is filtered to remove polygons of less than 4 contiguous pixels. The overlapping scene maps are checked for consistency, and then mosaiced into a single map. Image interpretation and classification is performed by experienced data analysts using supplemental data provided by collaborators in Paraguay. Forest Cover Change Paraguay Oriental Nonforest 67,544 km 2 Forest 22,109 km 2 Deforestation 8,968 km 2 (28.9% loss of forest) Study Area 98,622 km 2 Paraguay Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco covers 240,000 km 2 in north-western Paraguay. It contains predominantly xerophytic deciduous woodlands as well as riverine forests, palm woodlands, shrubby steppes and cactus. The entire Gran Chaco is the second largest natural biome in South America after the Amazon region. Mennonites settled in this area in 1927 and their colonies form the core agricultural area around the city of Filadelfia in the center of the Paraguay Chaco. The success of the Mennonite communities and the recent completion of the Trans Chaco Highway between Asuncion and Filadelfia has promoted the continued development of the region. Between the first time period ( ) and the second time period ( ), 9% of the initial 69,230 km 2 of forest cover was lost. The total forest area loss, 6,858 km 2, is less than that of the Oriental. However the forest loss is extremely high relative to the population density. Only 80,000 of Paraguay’s 4 million people live west of the Rio Paraguay. The pattern of deforestation is primarily conversion of woodland to large scale agriculture for crops and pasture. Productivity in the Chaco may be unsustainable due to the vulnerability of the soil to wind erosion and salinization. Paraguay Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco covers 240,000 km 2 in north-western Paraguay. It contains predominantly xerophytic deciduous woodlands as well as riverine forests, palm woodlands, shrubby steppes and cactus. The entire Gran Chaco is the second largest natural biome in South America after the Amazon region. Mennonites settled in this area in 1927 and their colonies form the core agricultural area around the city of Filadelfia in the center of the Paraguay Chaco. The success of the Mennonite communities and the recent completion of the Trans Chaco Highway between Asuncion and Filadelfia has promoted the continued development of the region. Between the first time period ( ) and the second time period ( ), 9% of the initial 69,230 km 2 of forest cover was lost. The total forest area loss, 6,858 km 2, is less than that of the Oriental. However the forest loss is extremely high relative to the population density. Only 80,000 of Paraguay’s 4 million people live west of the Rio Paraguay. The pattern of deforestation is primarily conversion of woodland to large scale agriculture for crops and pasture. Productivity in the Chaco may be unsustainable due to the vulnerability of the soil to wind erosion and salinization. Conclusions Land cover classification procedures developed for the humid tropics can be successfully applied to subtropical areas. Except for a small reserves, most of the Interior Atlantic Forest will disappear in the Paraguay Oriental. Large scale conversion of woodlands to agriculture continues in the Paraguay Chaco amid uncertainty about sustainability in the region. Conclusions Land cover classification procedures developed for the humid tropics can be successfully applied to subtropical areas. Except for a small reserves, most of the Interior Atlantic Forest will disappear in the Paraguay Oriental. Large scale conversion of woodlands to agriculture continues in the Paraguay Chaco amid uncertainty about sustainability in the region. Forest Cover Change Paraguay Gran Chaco Study Area 133,206 km 2 Deforestation 6,858 km 2 (9% loss of forest) Nonforest 57,028 km 2 Forest 69,320 km 2 May 14, 1985 January 23, 1997 Introduction Investigations of changes in forest cover in South America have typically focused on the tropics, but much of the rapid deforestation in the 1990s was in subtropical South America. This investigation has generated rates of change and identified the principal causes of deforestation in the two main ecological zones of Paraguay. The Rio Paraguay bisects the country into two distinct ecological regions. West of the river are dry woodlands on the alluvial plains of the Gran Chaco. To the east is the geologically more varied terrain of the Paraguay Oriental containing remnants of the humid Interior Atlantic Forest. Introduction Investigations of changes in forest cover in South America have typically focused on the tropics, but much of the rapid deforestation in the 1990s was in subtropical South America. This investigation has generated rates of change and identified the principal causes of deforestation in the two main ecological zones of Paraguay. The Rio Paraguay bisects the country into two distinct ecological regions. West of the river are dry woodlands on the alluvial plains of the Gran Chaco. To the east is the geologically more varied terrain of the Paraguay Oriental containing remnants of the humid Interior Atlantic Forest. Forest Nonforest Deforestation Water Cloud Acknowledgements: NASA Grant NAG Improvements in Landsat Pathfinder Methods for Monitoring Tropical Deforestation and their Extension to Extra-Tropical Areas and NASA NCC5300 University of Maryland Land Cover Earth Science Information Partnership. November 18, 1991 September 18,