Ilya Zaliapin Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Nevada, Reno USC ISC * Thursday, July 23, 2015 Yehuda Ben-Zion Department of Earth.

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Ilya Zaliapin Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Nevada, Reno USC ISC * Thursday, July 23, 2015 Yehuda Ben-Zion Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California Discriminating characteristics of tectonic and human induced seismicity

Examined Regions: Induced seismicity Geysers TauTona Tectonic seismicity San Jacinto Coso non- geothermal Mixed seismicity Coso geothermal Salton Sea

Examined regions

Baiesi and Paczuski, PRE, 69, (2004) Zaliapin et al., PRL, 101, (2008) Zaliapin and Ben-Zion, GJI, 185, 1288–1304 (2011) Zaliapin and Ben-Zion, JGR, 118, (2013)

(Fractal) dimension of epicenters Intercurrence timeSpatial distanceGutenberg-Richter law [M. Baiesi and M. Paczuski, PRE, 69, (2004)] [Zaliapin et al., PRL, 101, (2008)] Distance from an earthquake j to an earlier earthquake i : Definition: Property:

Separation of clustered and background parts in southern California Background = weak links (as in stationary, inhomogeneous Poisson process) Clustered part = strong links (events are much closer to each other than in the background part) Zaliapin and Ben-Zion, JGR (2013) Zaliapin et al., PRL (2008)

weak link strong link Cluster #3Cluster #2 Cluster #1 Identification of clusters: data driven Time

Zaliapin and Ben-Zion, GJI, to appear (2015)

Spatial variability of absolute horizontal error in southern California Los Angeles San Diego

Artifact 1: Inflated distance-to-parent

2-D distribution of time and space components of the EQ distance InducedMixedTectonic

2-D distribution of time and space components of the EQ distance InducedTectonic Induced seismicity shows: Higher intensity of repeaters Higher background rate Higher spatial offspring separation Higher temporal offspring separation

Temporal decay of close offspring is faster for induced seismicity

Coso geothermal region: active exploration began in 1987 Induced seismicity shows: Less intense clustering Higher background

Coso geothermal region: active exploration began in 1987 Tectonic: Low background High clustering No repeaters Mixed: High background Low clustering Active repeaters

Increase of background rate in induced seismicity (5-year moving average with value placed at the window’s end)

Reduced clustering of induced seismicity

Increased intensity of repeaters in induced seismicity rescaled time-to-parent for offspring within one rupture length from parent Tectonic seismicity: Almost no repeaters Unimodal time distribution Mixed seismicity: High intensity of repeaters Bimodal time distribution

Seismically active regions of three types are examined: Induced seismicity shows: Summary o Tectonic seismicity (San Jacinto and Coso non-geothermal) o Induced seismicity (Geysers and TauTona) o Mixed seismicity (Coso geothermal and Salton Sea) o Higher rate of background events o Faster temporal offspring decay o Higher intensity of repeaters o Larger proportion of small clusters o Larger spatial offspring separation Reported differences successfully discriminate between tectonic and induced seismicity in Coso and Salton sea observed before and after active geothermal production Ref: Zaliapin & Ben-Zion (2015), Discriminating characteristics of tectonic and human-induced seismicity. In review

Geysers geothermal field | 1984/01 – 2011/12 | M | 75,991 events relocated catalog of Waldhauser and Schaff [2008]

TauTona golden mine, South Africa | 2004/09 – 2010/09 | M | 8,519 events catalog of Boettcher [2009]

Coso geothermal | 1981/01 – 2013/12 | M | 4,412 events Relocated catalog of Hauksson et al. [2013]

Salton Sea | 1981/01 – 2013/12 | M | 6,018 events Relocated catalog of Hauksson et al. [2013]

Coos non-geothermal | 1981/01 – 2013/12 | M | 56,801 events Relocated catalog of Hauksson et al. [2013]

San Jacinto | 1981/01 – 2013/12 | M | 39,768 events Relocated catalog of Hauksson et al. [2013]