What Is Irony? Irony is the contrast between expectation and reality. Three kinds of irony are verbal irony situational irony dramatic irony [End of Section] 1

Verbal Irony In verbal irony, a speaker says one thing but means the opposite. Verbal irony is the simplest kind of irony can become sarcasm if taken to a harsh extreme 2

Verbal Irony Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice begins with an excellent example of verbal irony. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. How might this opening sentence be an example of verbal irony? Possible answer: Not everyone “universally acknowledges” this to be true, and the wealthy man in particular may not be looking for a wife. The people who do believe it, and who say that everyone believes it, are women who want to marry a wealthy man and parents looking for a wealthy husband for a daughter. [End of Section] 3

Situational Irony In situational irony, what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected or appropriate. Situational irony is often humorous may mock human plans and intentions, which in real life often come to little 4

Situational Irony Read this sentence from Hanson W. Baldwin’s R.M.S. Titanic. . . . she was fresh from Harland and Wolff’s Belfast yards, strong in the strength of her forty-six thousand tons of steel, bent, hammered, shaped, and riveted through the three years of her slow birth. Possible answer: No one expected such a strong vessel to be vulnerable to sinking, yet it did. Explain the situational irony in this ship sinking on its first voyage. [End of Section] 5

Dramatic Irony Dramatic irony occurs when the reader or the audience knows something important that the character does not know. Dramatic irony adds greatly to the tension in stories, plays, and movies heightens the sense of humor in comedies and deepens the sense of dread in tragedies 6

Dramatic Irony In this passage from Stephen Vincent Benét’s “By the Water of Babylon,” the narrator describes the vision he has while exploring the ruins of New York City. What do readers know that the narrator does not? When gods war with gods, they use weapons we do not know. It was fire falling out of the sky and a mist that poisoned. It was the time of the Great Burning and the Destruction. They ran about like ants in the streets of their city—poor gods, poor gods! Then the towers began to fall. A few escaped—yes, a few. The legends tell it. . . . I saw it happen, I saw the last of them die. It was darkness over the broken city and I wept. Possible answer: Readers know that it was humans, not gods, that made war on each other and caused the great destruction that the narrator weeps over. [End of Section] 7

Review Quick Check Identify each item as one of the following: verbal irony situational irony dramatic irony After tripping over his own feet, the teen exclaims, “That was graceful!” The movie audience knows that a hostile alien is just past the door. “Don’t go in there!” one viewer yells at the screen. The guest opens his mouth to compliment the chef, but before he can speak, he burps long and loudly. [End of Section] 8

Review Quick Check verbal irony Identify each item as one of the following: verbal irony situational irony dramatic irony After tripping over his own feet, the teen exclaims, “That was graceful!” dramatic irony The movie audience knows that a hostile alien is just past the door. “Don’t go in there!” one viewer yells at the screen. situational irony The guest opens his mouth to compliment the chef, but before he can speak, he burps long and loudly. 9

Practice Invent an example of each kind of irony. Describe each example in a paragraph. Record your examples in a similar chart. Verbal irony Say one thing but mean the opposite Example: Situational irony What happens is the opposite of what is expected Dramatic irony We know something a character does not know [End of Section] 10

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