BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 19 Human Evolution Modules 19.1 – 19.2

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neanderthals were an early species of humans who lived in Europe until about 40,000 years ago Many have wondered if Neanderthal interbred with the proposed ancestors of modern humans, Cro-Magnons Are We Related to the Neanderthals?

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA analysis has suggested that Neanderthals are a different species from Cro-Magnon –DNA isolated from Neanderthal bones in 1997 was found to be much different from that of modern humans But the presence of Neanderthal-like traits thousands of years after Neanderthals had disappeared seems to suggest that there had been significant interbreeding with Cro- Magnon Much of human evolution is still open to differing interpretations

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Humans are members of an order of mammals, the primates –Primates first appeared about 65 million years ago 19.1 The human story begins with our primate heritage PRIMATE DIVERSITY

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The first primates lived in trees, and we have inherited some of their characteristics –Limber joints –Sensitive grasping hands –Short snout –Forward-pointing eyes that enhance depth perception

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings There are two groups of living primates –The prosimians, such as lorises and lemurs Figure 19.1A, B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –The anthropoids, which include monkeys, apes, and humans Figure 19.1C, D

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.1E Millions of years ago PROSIMIANSANTHROPOIDS MONKEYSAPES Lemurs, lorises, and pottos Tarsiers New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chim- panzees Humans ANCESTRAL PRIMATE

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Humans are most closely related to the apes –These primates lack tails and have forelimbs longer than their hind limbs 19.2 Apes are our closest relatives

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The apes include –Gibbons Figure 19.2A, B –Orangutans

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –Gorillas –Chimpanzees Figure 19.2C, D

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings We share more than 97% of our genes with chimpanzees –They are our closest living relatives Our behavior also has some similarities –Chimpanzees make and use simple tools –They seem to have a sense of self