Succession
Ecological Succession Is studied by ecologist. An ecologist is a scientist that studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.
Ecological Succession Is a series of more or less predictable changes that occur in a community over time. Occurs because every organism changes the environment it lives in. There are two types –Primary –Secondary
Primary Succession Begins in an area with no remnants of an older community. Pioneer species change these barren areas. –An example is a lichen (a fungus and alga)
Primary Succession A lichen converts atmospheric nitrogen into useful forms that other organisms can utilize to break down rock and dead organic material to from soil. Lichen
Primary Succession: Sand Dune to Forest Dune grassess cottonwoods and shrubs evergreens oaks beeches maples
Secondary Succession Occurs after a disturbance (wildfire or hurricane) effects a community without destroying it completely. Proceeds faster than primary succession because the soil survives a disturbance.
Secondary Succession In the image below, a former bog in Maine has almost completely filled
Secondary Succession Soil already present.
Primary vs. Secondary No soil Pioneer species Weathering & decomposition Humus and sand increase over time End = climax community Soil already exists Seeds have suitable soil conditions. Occurs much faster Climax community.
Climax Communities Is the final stage of ecological succession in which a relatively constant environment and species composition is reached. Can be seen as a community that has developed in response to the prevailing climatic conditions
Climax Communities Are not always uniform and stable because they do not always follow the same path. May be destabilized by human-caused disturbances.
Figure Spruce and hemlock forest