1. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Primary Succession Secondary Succession Primary vs. Secondary Succession

2. Definition Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary The gradual replacement of one plant community by another through natural processes over time

3. Primary Succession Begins in a place without any soil –Bare rock –Sides of volcanoes –Post landslides –Flooded areas Starts with the arrival of living things such as lichens (fungus) that do not need soil to survive Called PIONEER SPECIES

4. Primary Succession: Sand Dune to Forest

5. Primary Succession Soil starts to form as lichens and the forces of weather and erosion help break down rocks into smaller pieces When lichens die, they decompose, adding small amounts of organic matter to the rock to make soil

6. Primary Succession Simple plants like mosses and ferns can grow in the new soil

7. Primary Succession The simple plants die, adding more organic material The soil layer thickens, and grasses, wildflowers, and other plants begin to take over

8. Primary Succession These plants die, and they add more nutrients to the soil Shrubs and trees can now survive

9. Primary Succession Insects, small birds, and mammals have begin to move in What was once bare rock now supports a variety of life

10. Secondary succession Begins in an area where soil is already present, (ex. a once cultivated field or after a forest fire.)

13. Pond Succession Pond Marsh Dry land/grasses Shrubs Forest

15. Succession Over time, organic substances build up on the lake bottom, making it shallow and warm. Eventually the lake will turn into a marsh, and then dry land.

16. The Circle of Life in Secondary Succession

17. Terminology Pioneer species—first species to begin a succession. Climax community —the final stage in a succession.

18. Primary vs. Secondary – what are the differences? PrimarySecondary

19. Primary vs. Secondary No soil Beginning  Pioneer species End  Climax community Soil already exists Seeds have suitable soil conditions. Occurs much faster End  Climax community