1. Changes in Ecosystems: Ecological Succession

2. Ecological Succession Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary The gradual replacement of one plant community by another through natural processes over time

3. Primary Succession @Begins in a place without any soil –Sides of volcanoes –Landslides –Flooding@ Starts with the arrival of living things such as lichens that do not need soil to survive Called PIONEER SPECIES

4. Primary Succession –The first species to colonize barren areas are called pioneer species. –@Lichen grows on bare rock- mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and an algae.@

5. Primary Succession –Over time, lichens convert, or fix, atmospheric nitrogen into useful forms for other organisms, break down rock, and add organic material to form soil. –Certain grasses, like those that colonized Krakatau early on, are also pioneer species.

6. http://botit.botany.wisc.edu http://www.saguaro-juniper.com/

7. Primary Succession Soil starts to form as lichens and the forces of weather and erosion help break down rocks into smaller pieces @When lichens die, they decompose, adding small amounts of organic matter to the rock to make soil @

8. Primary Succession Simple plants like mosses and ferns can grow in the new soil http://uisstc.georgetow n.edu http://www.uncw.edu

9. Primary Succession The simple plants die, adding more organic material The soil layer thickens, and grasses, wildflowers, and other plants begin to take over http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu

10. Primary Succession These plants die, and they add more nutrients to the soil Shrubs and tress can survive now http://www.rowan.edu

11. Primary Succession Insects, small birds, and mammals have begun to move in What was once bare rock now supports a variety of life http://p2-raw.greenpeace.org

12. Secondary Succession Begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms @Occurs faster and has different pioneer species than primary succession @ Example: after forest fires

13. http://www.ux1.eiu.edu

14. Climax Community @A stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession process@ Does not always mean big trees –Grasses in prairies –Cacti in deserts

15. Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V49Iov RSJDshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V49Iov RSJDs

16. What are the first organisms that colonize a new area after a disturbance? Pioneer Species

17. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Primary occurs on barren rocks/lands Secondary occurs on land that already has soil/nutrients/plants