Environmental Science DEMOGRAPHY Environmental Science

Basic Vocabulary Demography : study of human populations study of factors that affect population growth Migration: Movement of individuals Emigration – individuals moved out of the area Immigration – individuals moved into the area Life expectancy - the average number of years a person is expected to live Fertility Rate - number of babies born each year per 1,000 women Birth Rate – same as fertility rate Death Rate – number of deaths each year per 1,000 people

Developed vs. Developing Countries developed countries typically have: developing countries typically have: High average incomes Slow population growth Diverse industrial economies Social support systems - i.e. social security , LINK cards Low death rate Low infant mortality High life expectancy (i.e. 60+) Low incomes Simply, farm-based economies Rapid population growth (high birthrate) No social support systems High death rate High infant mortality Low life expectancy (i.e. age 35)

School children in DEVELOPING nation

Classroom in a DEVELOPED nation

5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT A COUNTRY’S BIRTHRATE 1. SOCIAL /EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF WOMEN ** more education, less time for reproduction 2. GENERAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF COUNTRY ** For example Roman Catholics, Muslims do not believe in using contraceptives or abortion 3. IMPORTANCE OF CHILD LABOR ** If children are needed for farming or other work, people will tend to have more children 4. AVAILABILITY OF BIRTH CONTROL ** People will be able to use it if it is readily available. 5. SOCIAL SECURITY OR RETIREMENT PLANS ** If there is no social supports available for people as they age, they will have to depend on their children for support = more children (higher birthrate)

What is happening to life expectancy worldwide?

Why is the world’s death rate presently declining? Improved medical care Increased infant mortality Adequate food supply (due to advances in agriculture) Access to clean water Improved sewage removal Access to vaccines

Infant Mortality Figures Among Developed and Developing Countries

Demographic Transition Model

What is the Demographic Transition Model? The demographic transition model explains the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In developed countries this transition began in the eighteenth century and continues today. Less developed countries began the transition later and are still in the midst of earlier stages of the model

Demographic Transition Explained STAGE 1: Pre-Industrial - Birth Rate and Death Rate HIGH - Population is stable STAGE 2: Transitional Death Rates decline as conditions improve - Better hygiene - Improved nutrition - Improved education - Population is increasing

Demographic Transition Model

Demographic Transition Continued… STAGE 3: Industrial - Birth rate begins to decrease - Population growth slows down - Population is much larger in this stage (due to high birth rate and decreasing death rate in Stage 2) STAGE 4: Post-Industrial Birth rate decreases below death rate Population shows decline due to this happening