mind

1) Computation What problem was the system designed to solve?

2) Algorithm What is the step-by-step procedure for solving the problem? Archimedes ( BCE) < π <

2) Algorithm What is the step-by-step procedure for solving the problem? Wallis ( ) with 60 iterations: π = with 170 iterations: π =

2) Algorithm What is the step-by-step procedure for solving the problem? π = # inside circle 4 # total

2) Algorithm What is the step-by-step procedure for solving the problem?

with 60 iterations: π = with 170 iterations: π = with 171 iterations: π = ? 3) Implementation How is the solution realized physically?

π = # inside circle 4 # total 3) Implementation How is the solution realized physically?

Neuroimaging is great at asking one particular question: Are two phenomena the result of a single cognitive process or more than one cognitive process? Association and dissociation (see Henson, Trends Cogn Sci, 2006; Henson, Quarterly J of Exp Psychol, 2005)

Neuroimaging is great at asking one particular question: Are two phenomena the result of a single cognitive process or more than one cognitive process? visual imagery  visual perception Visual perceptionVisual imagery Kosslyn et al. (1993) J Cog Neuro Association and dissociation (see Henson, Trends Cogn Sci, 2006; Henson, Quarterly J of Exp Psychol, 2005)

Neuroimaging is great at asking one particular question: Are two phenomena the result of a single cognitive process or more than one cognitive process? ( Buckner & Schacter, 1998, Neuron) Association and dissociation (see Henson, Trends Cogn Sci, 2006; Henson, Quarterly J of Exp Psychol, 2005) implicit memory  explicit memory

“I suppose it is tempting, if all you have is a hammer, to treat every problem as if it were a nail.” – Abraham Maslow, The Psychology of Science (1966)

“I suppose it is tempting, if all you have is a hammer, to treat every problem as if it were a nail.” – Abraham Maslow, The Psychology of Science (1966) Neuroimaging is a problematic tool expensive technically challenging imposes extreme methodological constraints – limited to one DV – limited range of measurable behaviors – one person at a time (no groups) – requires dozens of within-subject trials

How has fMRI addressed social psychological questions? 1)Is social cognition = nonsocial cognition? 2)Default mode of (social) cognition 3)Neural resonance 4)Self-reference effect in memory

Distinctiveness of social cognition “One key question is whether general cognitive processes involved in perception, language, memory, and attention are sufficient to explain social competence, or whether over and above these general processes, there are specific processes that are special to social interaction.” (Blakemore, Winston, & Frith, 2004, p.216) 1)Inferences 2)Semantic knowledge 3)Episodic memory

Distinctiveness of social cognitioninferences

False Belief test Distinctiveness of social cognitioninferences

Where will Sally look for her ball? False Belief test Most three-year-olds Most of us Distinctiveness of social cognitioninferences

Distinctiveness of social cognitioninferences

False belief Jenny put her chocolate away in the cupboard. Then she went outside. Alan moved the chocolate from the cupboard into the fridge. Half an hour later, Jenny came back inside. Jenny expects to find her cholocate in the cupboard fridge False photograph A photograph was taken of an apple hanging on a tree branch. The film took half an hour to develop. In the meantime, a strong wind blew the apple to the ground. The developed photograph shows the apple on the ground branch Distinctiveness of social cognitioninferences

Distinctiveness of social cognitioninferences

Data courtesy of Rebecca Saxe Distinctiveness of social cognitioninferences Beliefs > Photos

Distinctiveness of social cognition “One key question is whether general cognitive processes involved in perception, language, memory, and attention are sufficient to explain social competence, or whether over and above these general processes, there are specific processes that are special to social interaction.” (Blakemore, Winston, & Frith, 2004, p.216) 1)Inferences 2)Semantic knowledge 3)Episodic memory

Distinctiveness of social cognitionsemantics

Distinctiveness of social cognitionsemantics Left inferior frontal gyrus Inferotemporal cortex

Distinctiveness of social cognitionsemantics

Be made of wood ChairsTables Distinctiveness of social cognitionsemantics Contreras, Banaji, & Mitchell (under review)

Fetch a ball CatsDogs Distinctiveness of social cognitionsemantics Contreras, Banaji, & Mitchell (under review)

Enjoy watching football MenWomen Distinctiveness of social cognitionsemantics Contreras, Banaji, & Mitchell (under review)

Paint their faces red Cornell studentsHarvard students Distinctiveness of social cognitionsemantics Contreras, Banaji, & Mitchell (under review)

IT IPL IFG Distinctiveness of social cognitionsemantics nonsocial > social Contreras, Banaji, & Mitchell (under review)

Distinctiveness of social cognitionsemantics nonsocial > social IT IPL IFG

Distinctiveness of social cognitionsemantics social > nonsocial PCC dmPFC vmPFC

Distinctiveness of social cognition “One key question is whether general cognitive processes involved in perception, language, memory, and attention are sufficient to explain social competence, or whether over and above these general processes, there are specific processes that are special to social interaction.” (Blakemore, Winston, & Frith, 2004, p.216) 1)Inferences 2)Semantic knowledge 3)Episodic memory

Processing information in a social manner produces qualitative changes in episodic memory (Hastie & Kumar, 1979; Hamilton et al., 1980; Srull & Wyer, 1989) Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory (adapted from Hamilton et al., 1980)

He chose just the right tie to go with his shirt and slacks. Form Impression Mitchell, Macrae & Banaji (2004), J Neuroscience Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

He stepped on his girlfriend's feet while dancing. Remember Order Mitchell, Macrae & Banaji (2004), J Neuroscience Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

He stepped on his girlfriend's feet while dancing. Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

Form Impression Remember Order Form Impression [statement 1] [statement 2] [statement 3] [statement 4] Remember Order 1) Distinct neural basis for impression formation v. nonsocial orienting task? Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

Form Impression Remember Order Form Impression Remember Order [statement 1] [statement 2] [statement 3] [statement 4] 1) Distinct neural basis for impression formation v. nonsocial orienting task? Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

Impression formation > Sequencing Impression formation Sequencing Mitchell, Macrae & Banaji (2004), J Neuroscience Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

Form Impression Remember Order Form Impression [statement 1] [statement 2] [statement 3] [statement 4] Remember Order 2) Distinct brain regions critical for successful memory encoding? Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

Form Impression Remember Order Form Impression Remember Order [statement 1] [statement 2] [statement 3] [statement 4] hit miss 2) Distinct brain regions critical for successful memory encoding? Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

Impression formation: hits > misses Impression hits Impression misses Mitchell, Macrae & Banaji (2004), J Neuroscience Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

Impression formation: hits > misses Mitchell, Macrae & Banaji (2004), J Neuroscience Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory Impression hits Impression misses Sequencing hits Sequencing misses

Form Impression Remember Order Form Impression Remember Order [statement 1] [statement 2] [statement 3] [statement 4] hit miss Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

Sequencing hits Sequencing misses Sequencing: hits > misses Mitchell, Macrae & Banaji (2004), J Neuroscience Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory

Sequencing: hits > misses Mitchell, Macrae & Banaji (2004), J Neuroscience Distinctiveness of social cognitionepisodic memory Impression hits Impression misses Sequencing hits Sequencing misses

“One of the hallmarks of social cognition is the influence of detailed models from cognitive psychology. These models are important because they precisely describe mechanisms of learning and thinking that apply in a wide variety of areas, including social perception. Because these models are general and because cognitive processes presumably influence social behavior heavily, it makes sense to adapt cognitive theory to social settings” (Fiske & Taylor, 1984, pp. 1- 2). Distinctiveness of social cognition

How has fMRI addressed social psychological questions? 1)Is social cognition = nonsocial cognition? 2)Default mode of (social) cognition 3)Neural resonance 4)Self-reference effect in memory

How has fMRI addressed social psychological questions? 1)Is social cognition = nonsocial cognition? 2)Default mode of (social) cognition 3)Neural resonance 4)Self-reference effect in memory

Heider & Simmel (1944)

Medial PFC Temporo-parietal junction Posterior medial parietal Default state

Temporo-parietal junction Medial prefrontal cortex Posterior medial parietal cortex Default state

How has fMRI addressed social psychological questions? 1)Is social cognition = nonsocial cognition? 2)Default mode of (social) cognition 3)Neural resonance 4)Self-reference effect in memory

How has fMRI addressed social psychological questions? 1)Is social cognition = nonsocial cognition? 2)Default mode of (social) cognition 3)Neural resonance 4)Self-reference effect in memory

Wicker et al., (2003), Neuron Your disgust ≈ my disgust ‘Neural resonance’

see Rizzolatti & Craighero (2004), Annual Rev Neurosci Your goals ≈ my goals ‘Neural resonance’

Your pain ≈ my pain Singer et al. (2006) ‘Neural resonance’

How has fMRI addressed social psychological questions? 1)Is social cognition = nonsocial cognition? 2)Default mode of (social) cognition 3)Neural resonance 4)Self-reference effect in memory

How has fMRI addressed social psychological questions? 1)Is social cognition = nonsocial cognition? 2)Default mode of (social) cognition 3)Neural resonance 4)Self-reference effect in memory

Memory advantage for information processed in relation to the self (Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker, 1977; Symons & Johnson, 1997) Why? special mnemonic powers special mnemonic powers (Rogers et al., 1977) (Greenwald & Banaji, 1989) powerful but ordinary powerful but ordinary Self-reference effect

Depth-of-Processing effect: Memory advantage for information processed in relation to the self Self-reference effect

BUSH + talkative SELF + daring + CASE + polite SELF + DEPENDABLE 2.5 sec Kelley et al. (2002), J Cog Neuro Self-reference effect

L IFG SELF + OTHER > CASE Kelley et al. (2002), J Cog Neuro Self-reference effect

Medial PFC SELF > OTHER Self-reference effect as distinct Kelley et al. (2002), J Cog Neuro Self-reference effect

How has fMRI addressed social psychological questions? 1)Is social cognition = nonsocial cognition? 2)Default mode of (social) cognition 3)Neural resonance 4)Self-reference effect in memory