BRINKMANSHIP AND EISENHOWER CHAPTER 26, SECTION 4

THE HYDROGEN BOMB Define: Hydrogen Bomb When? 1950 – 52 Why? A thermonuclear device with the explosive power of 1 million tons of TNT. When? 1950 – 52 Why? a. Fear of Soviet nuclear efforts b. Desire to gain “nuclear advantage” Truman approves research / development of bomb. 1st Test: 1952 detonation of an American H-Bomb Problem? Yes 1953, Soviets detonate their first H-Bomb So What? Nuclear balance is evened again

1952 Hydrogen Bomb Detonation

BRINKMANSHIP 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower elected President Ike’s Sec. Of State: John Foster Dulles Dulles: Staunch Anti-Communist Dulles’ foreign policy principle: “BRINKMANSHIP” Define: A willingness to go to the brink, or edge, of war, especially nuclear war. So What? The U.S. will keep the peace by promising to use all it’s force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nations Brinkmanship requires larger numbers of nuclear weapons So. . . THE ARMS RACE BEGINS

GENERAL DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER World War II

DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, PRESIDENT OF THE U.S., 1953 - 61

John F. Dulles Time, 1954 Sec. of State

THE COLD WAR SPREADS WHY? How do superpowers gain global power? How? Superpower rivalry; both want to dominate global affairs Both want to spread their own political & economic systems Both want access to more resources How do superpowers gain global power? Expand alliances Prevent other superpower from doing the same thing How? Conventional / Direct confrontation Example? “Conventional” War - Define Covert / Indirect confrontation Examples? Spying Aiding friendly revolutions Helping overthrow unfriendly gov’ts.

THE COLD WAR SPREADS(CONT’D.) Who will do this effectively? Intelligence agencies; examples? C.I.A. Military Intelligence communities Where? 1953: IRAN – CIA helps overthrow Pres. Mossadegh ; Shah of Iran takes over Why? Oil access 1954: GUATEMALA – CIA helps overthrow Pres. Arbenz Why? Arbenz viewed as sympathetic to communism

ATTEMPTS AT PEACE 1953: Stalin dies 1955: Soviets form “Warsaw Pact” Define: Alliance of Eastern European Soviet satellite nations. 1955: The Geneva Summit What? U.S. – Soviet meetings to discuss issues of mutual concern. Ike proposes an “Open Skies” Policy Define: Both nations would allow flights over their territory to guard against surprise nuclear attack Soviets reject offer; Why? Soviets fear a U.S. trick to discover where Soviet nuclear weapons are So What? Lack of trust worsens superpower tension

THE WARSAW PACT

OTHER FLASHPOINTS 1956: Egypt: The Suez Crisis 1956: Hungary U.S. backs a Brit.-French-Israel takeover of the Suez Canal Why? Egypt growing too friendly w/USSR 1956: Hungary Soviets invade Hungary Why? Gov’t has become too friendly w/Western European nations U.S. decides not to intervene ; risk is too high and Suez Crisis take precedence Result? The Eisenhower Doctrine Define: U.S. would give aid to any Middle Eastern nation threatened by any Communist aggression/expansion

U.S. EMBARRASSMENTS 1957: Soviets launch Sputnik I SO WHAT? 1960: U-2 Spyplane shot down Pilot: Francis Gary Powers captured & tried for espionage Embarrassment for U.S. SO WHAT? The Cold War heats up

SPUTNIK I

U-2 SPYPLANE

Frances Gary Powers USAF, 1950’s

POWERS WITH U-2, PRE-FLIGHT