Buss 1989 Sex differences in mate preferences
Objectives Lesson 1 To understand the context, aims and procedures of Buss’s evolutionary study To have notes for exam revision
Objectives Lesson 2 To understand the findings and conclusions of Buss’s evolutionary study To have notes for exam revision
Objectives Lesson 3 To evaluate Buss’s evolutionary study in terms of methodology and alternative evidence To have notes for exam revision
Context Danny de Vito or Johnny Depp? Kathy Burke or Angelina Jolie? Why? Evolutionary Psychology and choosing a partner. BUSS (1989).mgmf BUSS (1989).mgmfBUSS (1989).mgmf
Context – 3 Predictions 1) Parental Investment YouTube - Girls Dont Like Boys-Good Charlotte (lyrics) YouTube - Girls Dont Like Boys-Good Charlotte (lyrics)YouTube - Girls Dont Like Boys-Good Charlotte (lyrics) Women invest more TIME and ENERGY into their offspring, so will choose partners who can provide resources (food, territory, protection) Modern women will look for ambitious, industrious men who have wealth and status.
Context – 3 Predictions 2)Reproductive Value Women’s fertility (short term) and reproductive value (long term) are related to age, so: Men will look for partners who are physically attractive and younger than themselves.
Context – 3 Predictions 3)Paternity Probability Men can never be 100% sure that their partners offspring are genetically their own, so: Men should prefer women who are CHASTE (haven’t had other sexual partners) and will show more sexual jealousy than women
Aims To investigate whether the predictions of evolutionary psychology can be supported in different cultures around the world. If the findings were similar, this would suggest that sex difference are innate (and support the evolutionary view)
Procedures Complete the Participant section on your handout using p117 of your text. Info from original article : Males 4601, Females 5446 Complete the sampling box – samples were VOLUNTEER, OPPORTUNITY or SYSTEMATIC
Participants 10,047 participants from 33 countries, located on six continents and five islands. The samples varied in size from 55 in Iran to 1,491 in USA (mainland) The Iranian sample was the only sample to have less than 100 participants. The age of the participants in the sample groups ranged from 17 years in New Zealand to 29 years in West Germany.
Procedures Data Collection was done by native residents who did not know the hypotheses of the study
Procedures 2 Questionnaires Rating Questionnaire a) Biographical Data b) Mate preferences (General questions) c) Rating Scale including 4 TARGET VARIABLES – highlight them on your sheet
Procedures 2 Questionnaires Ranking Questionnaire 13 characteristics Rank from 1-13, 1 = most desirable Included 2 TARGET VARIABLES – highlight them on your sheet
Procedures Translations For each country 3 translators were employed : 1 Translated questionnaire from English 1 Translated answers into English 1 Resolved problems Neutral words used eg Physically Attractive Reflected cultural diffferences: living together (Sweden) Polygyny (Nigeria)
Findings Good Financial Prospects 36/37 (97%) females valued this more than males. Spain slight difference in opposite direction. Less important for W. Europeans than Americans, Asians and African samples Variation within samples
Findings Ambition and Industriousness 34/37 (92%) females valued this more than males. 29 samples (78%) statistically significant 3 samples in opposite direction – Colombia, Spain and S.A Zulus. Only Zulu finding significant (physical work = female task)
Findings Age Difference All 37 samples males preferred younger mates Highlight 3 related findings on your sheet
Findings Age Difference (male view) All 37 samples males preferred younger mates Mean preferred age difference by males = 2.66 years Preferred marriage age for men = Therefore ideal woman = close to PEAK FERTILITY rather than reproductive value.
Findings Age Difference (female view) All 37 samples females preferred older mates Mean preferred age difference by females = 3.42 years Preferred marriage age for women = Therefore ideal man = Polygynous countries – males preference to be older was strongest Nigeria (6.45) Zambia (7.38)
Findings Good Looks All 37 samples males rated good looks more highly than females In 32 samples (92%) difference was significant Particularly important in: Bulgaria, Palestine, Nigeria and Zambia
Findings Chastity Large variety 23 samples (62%) males preferred chastity 14 samples no significant difference China, Indonesia, Iran – highly valued Western Europe – irrelevant/unimportant
Findings Validity Check Do self-reported preferences reflect what people actually do? Do mate preferences accuratety reflect mating decisions? YES – why? (p118)
Conclusions Complete the Conclusions task on your sheet
Conclusions Females values resource providers Females value ambition and industry Both points support Trivers Parental Investment Theory
Conclusions Males value physical attractiveness and relative youth This supports the hypothesis that males are looking for Reproductive Value (Symonds) BUT males aim marry 25 yearolds which suggests that FERTILITY is more important. However, 25 is past peak fertility, so other factors are involved
Conclusions Females prefer older mates Supports the idea they are looking for resources (Trivers) Males value chastity supporting Daly on paternity probability, but evidence isn’t so strong.
Evaluation Methodology Questionnaire Note a strength and weakness related to this study Problems with the types of questions used? Reliability Answer the questions on the sheet
Evaluation Methodology Validity Translation – 3 translators were used: why would this increase validity What problems could occur with reading questions to people who couldn’t read? Answer 2 further issues from your sheet
Evaluation Methodology Sampling Ethics In Pairs, answer the questions on your sheet.
Evaluation Alternative Evidence For each of the following studies : a) state findings and conclusions b) explain how they support, develop or contradict Buss. Cunningham et al (1995) Waynforth and Dunbar (1995) both studies Berezckei et al (1997)