Navigation and Ops I Spring 2006 LT Domenic Carlucci Naval ROTC Rice University

Instructor BIO Grew up in North Texas –Southlake Carroll HS Graduated Duke University –Mech Eng. –NROTC Commission GO BLUE DEVILS – –Yes, I was a Cameron Crazy!!! Attended SWOS-Newport RI

BIO (cont) USS Lake Erie(CG-70) –Pearl Harbor, HI –Fire Control Division Officer –TBMD-Exo-atmospheric Intercepts Nuclear Power School –Charleston, SC Nuclear Prototype –Saratoga Springs, NY

BIO (cont) USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) –Norfolk, VA -> San Diego, CA –Machinery Division Officer –Completed Engineer’s Exam July 05 Houston NROTC Consortium

Current Events A Fitter Force: Stay In Shape. That’s An Order For Norfolk-Based Sailors On Navy Ships. The Mandate For Group Workouts Is Part Of The Emphasis On A “Culture Of Fitness.” Duke Improves to 17-0 with victory over pesky NC State. Rice Owls lost to UAB UH Cougars defeat Southern Miss

Marine Navigation Textbooks/References

Coastal Piloting Lessons 1-15 –Charts, Compass, Navaids, etc. Celestial and Electronic Navigation –Celestial ApplicationsLessons –Advanced Navigation Systems Lesson 20 –Marine Weather Lesson 21 Maritime Law and Naval Operations –COLREGS/Rules of the Road Lessons Marine Navigation Course Overview

Lesson 1: Introduction and Piloting Team AGENDA: –Types of Marine Navigation –The Bridge Watch Team –Members of the Piloting Team –Navigation Department Organization Applicable reading: Hobbs, pp

Types of Navigation Piloting (Coastal) Navigation Dead Reckoning Celestial Navigation Radio Navigation Electronic Navigation

Navigation Defined Navigation –The process of safely and efficiently directing the movements of a vessel from one place to another.

The Bridge Team Officer of the Deck (OOD) Conning Officer Quartermaster of the Watch (QMOW) Boatswain’s Mate of the Watch (BMOW) Lookouts Helmsman

Bearing Taker TakerBearingTaker PlotterBearing Recorder Navigator OODConning Officer Bridge CIC Piloting Officer Plotter Chart Table Table Chart Radar Operator CO Bridge (Piloting) Navigator Plotter Bearing Taker Brg Recorder CIC (RadNav) Piloting Officer Radar Operator Plotter The Piloting Team

Bearing Taker Taker Bearing PlotterBearing Recorder Navigator OODConning Officer Bridge CIC Piloting Officer Plotter Chart Table Table Chart Radar Operator CO “Based on an excellent fix at time :20, Navigation holds us 100 yards left of track. Nearest hazard to navigation is shoal water 500 yards off the port bow. Nearest aid to navigation is red buoy 8, off the stbd beam. Fathometer reads 45 feet beneath the sonar dome, concurs with charted depth. Distance remaining this leg; 2,500 yards. Next time to turn with be at time :25 to new course 095T. Turn bearing is 272° to Castle Rock. Navigation recommends coming right to new course 045º to regain track. Set and drift is 270ºT at 1 knot.” “Combat concurs.” The Navigator’s Report

Navigation Department Administrative Organization

Navigation Department Operational Organization

Questions?

Terrestrial Coordinate System and Nautical Charts 12/4/2015

AGENDA: –Terrestrial Coordinate System (Lat/Long) –Chart Projections –Chart Interpretation/Scale –Chart Correction System –Basic Plotting Techniques Lesson 2: Terrestrial Coordinate System and Nautical Charts

For navigational purposes, it’s considered a “true” sphere with a circumference of 21,600 NM Earth: A “not-so-perfect” Sphere

Terrestrial Coordinate System Great Circle: The intersection of a plane passing through two points on the surface of the earth and the center of the earth. –Equator –Meridians (longitude)  Prime Meridian (Greenwich, England)

Terrestrial Coordinate System : Small Circle: A circle formed from the intersection of a plane not passing through the center of the earth –Parallels (latitude)

Latitude Latitude - angular distance N/S between the equator and the parallel of a point. Latitude is measured in degrees of arc from 0  either north or south of the equator. Latitude is measured along a meridian Latitude is always expressed using 2 digits Abbreviated with “L” The length of 1 degree of latitude is always 60NM

Longitude Longitude - Longitude - angular distance E/W between the prime meridian and the meridian of a point. Longitude is measured in degrees of arc from 0 to 180 degrees east or west of the prime meridian. Longitude is measured along parallels of latitude Longitude is always expressed using 3 digits One degree of long does not equal 60 NM unless measured along the equator Example of lat/long Abbreviated using “Lo” or “λ”

Desirable qualities of a chart projection: –Maintain true shape of physical features. –Maintain correct proportions of features relative to one another. –True scale, permitting accurate measurement of distance. –Rhumb lines plot as straight lines.  Lines on the earth’s surface that cross all meridians at the same angle –Great circles plot as straight lines. Chart Projections

Mercator Projection

© 1998 GeoSystems Global Corporation

Mercator Projection ADVANTAGES Position, distance, and direction can be accurately measured True shape of features is maintained over small areas DISADVANTAGES  Distortion of features increases with distance from the equator  Great circles appear as curved lines

Gnomonic Projection

ADVANTAGES Great circles appear as straight lines Distortion is minimal within 1000 nm of point of tangency DISADVANTAGES  Rhumb lines appear as curved lines  Distance and direction cannot be measured accurately  True shape is not presented

Mercator vs. Gnomonic

MercatorGnomonic Parallels:Straight lines Curved (except equator) Meridians:Straight Straight Conformal:YES NO Great Circles:Curved* Straight Rhumb lines:Straight Curved lines Applications:Piloting Great-circle determination (Distance measurement) * Except meridians Chart Projection Summary

Chart Production Two government agencies are mainly responsible for producing nautical charts - the Defense Mapping Agency (formerly NIMA) and the National Ocean Service. –Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) - concerned mainly with the production and upkeep of charts and related navigational publications covering all ocean areas of the world outside U.S. territorial waters. –NOAA/National Ocean Service - concerned with charts covering inland and coastal waters of the United States and its possessions.

Chart Numbering System All charts produced by DMA and NOS are assigned a number from one to five digits, according to the scale and area they depict. # of digits Scale 1 No scale involved (supporting pub) 2 1 : 9,000,001 and smaller 3 1 : 2,000,001 to 1 :1,900,000 4 Miscellaneous and special, non-navigational charts 5 1 : 2,000,000 and larger The chart numbering system also allows the navigator to organize his/her charts into portfolios.

Ocean Basins

Costal Regions

Chart Inventory What charts do you carry onboard? –All charts for regions you anticipate operating in –Portfolios -  55 total –20-30 for Destroyer/Large Deck –even less for Merchant Ship

Chart Corrections Navigation data changes frequently –Submerged wrecks, buoys get moved, etc Notice to Mariners and Local Notice to Mariners –Pamphlet mailed to ships –QMs make changes to the charts they need –NTMs are kept on file

Plotting a Position Determine the parallels on the chart that bracket the latitude. Place the pivot point of the compass on the closest line. Spread the compass until the lead rests on the given latitude. Move to the approximate longitude and swing an arc.

Plotting a Position The same process is repeated using the longitude scale and the given longitude. The desired position is the intersection of these two arcs. If plotted correctly, the intersection should occur at the crest of both arcs.

Measuring Distance The latitude scale can be used to measure distances, since one degree of latitude equals 60 nautical miles, everywhere on the earth. The latitude scale can be used to measure distances, since one degree of latitude equals 60 nautical miles, everywhere on the earth.

Measuring Distance NEVER use the longitude scale to determine distances on a chart.

Measuring Direction All rhumb lines on a Mercator projection represent true directions. All rhumb lines on a Mercator projection represent true directions. Measurement of direction on a Mercator chart is accomplished by using a parallel ruler to transfer the direction of a rhumb line to a nearby compass rose. Measurement of direction on a Mercator chart is accomplished by using a parallel ruler to transfer the direction of a rhumb line to a nearby compass rose.

Measuring Direction A B

Review What is a great circle? Name two important ones? How are latitudes measured? Longitude? What is the best projection for marine navigation? What does large scale mean? How many miles per degree of latitude?

Study Questions Nav Workbook Ch 3 –12, 13 Nav Workbook Ch 4 –Sec 1: 2-4, 6, 7, 9 –Sec 2: 2-6, 13 –Sec 3: 1,2