Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Spain), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia (Cuba and Hispaniola). The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain. The treaty was ratified by the Crown of Castile (Spain), 2 July 1494 and by Portugal, 5 September 1494.

The good, the bad, and the ugly.

Widespread Epidemics Epidemics The Spanish brought small pox, measles, and influenza Conquistadors purposely gave infected blankets as gifts as a way to kill off the Native Americans—biological warfare Native American died in mass number due to little immunity Population of Indians in Hispaniola *1492—250,000 *1512—60,000 remained *1562—500 left

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Global exchange of people, plants, animals ideas and technology between Europe and the Americas From Americas to Europe—corn, potato, beans, pineapple, cocoa, tobacco, peanuts, and tomatoes From Europe to the Americas—wheat, sugar, bananas, horses, pigs, cattle, chicken, sheep, small pox, typhus, and measles.

Exchange of Goods

IMPACT OF NEW PRODUCTS The goods brought to the America s and to Europe changed the course of history. The potato revolutionized Europe by providing a reliable, starchy food. It increased the population of Europe.

THE TRIANGLE TRADE Europe shipped cotton goods, weapons, and liquor to Africa African slaves were shipped to Americas Plantation products of tobacco, cotton, and sugar shipped to Europe

THE SLAVE TRADE Middle Passage slave voyage from Africa to the Americas millions died on the journey Effects of the Slave Trade ended in the 1800s 11 million Africans were sent to the Americas undermined the political structure in Africa

AFRICAN SLAVE SHIP Humans were packed like sardines trying to fit as many people in as possible. Slaves were kept in the bottom of the ship, chained to one another over the long journey.

EXPLORATION A TURNING POINT IN HISTORY Mercantilism and Capitalism European capitalism—investment of money to make a profit was becoming more popular Mercantilism—building up national wealth by exporting more goods than the nation exports. a. based on the idea that the world had a fixed amount of wealth, in order for a nation to gain more, it had to take from another nation. b. colonies served two purposes to the mother nation: 1. a place to take raw materials from 2. forced colonies to but only their goods. England, France, Portugal and Spain gained massive amount of wealth. This strengthened their regions and led to the development of modern day nations. As Monarchies grew stronger in Europe, the power of the Church continued to decline.