Animal Farm by George Orwell

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Presentation transcript:

Animal Farm by George Orwell Background Notes: Russian History

Early History Origins: tribal, nomadic people both north and south Scandinavian invasion: Vikings (862 AD) Mongol invasion 1223 – Genghis Khan Muscovite (from Moscow) princes: Daniel Nevsky (1263) Ivan the Great (1462) Ivan the Terrible (1533)

Russification Attempt to unify vast areas of Russia by requiring Russian language and emphasizing Russian culture

The Romanovs 1613 – Michael Romanov elected tsar Romanov mission: make Russia great European power; problem: Economically and culturally backward Success depended on suffering of people Method of control (Law Code of 1649) froze residency and social status of populace

Romanovs

Peter the Great (1682) Catherine the Great (1762) Alexander I (1801) Nicholas I Alexander II – eased censorship (assassinated 1881) Alexander III – increased authoritarianism

Czar Nicholas

Nicholas II: The Last Emperor Married Alexandra (German princess; granddaughter of England’s Queen Victoria) Four daughters, then son (Alexei)-had hemophilia Rasputin – peasant pilgrim, “mystic” believed by Alexandra to have healing power on son; held power over Alexandra

Rasputin

Russia under Nicholas Maintained autocratic government Ineffective ruler Drove to develop industry Rapid economic growth but workers suffered War with Japan (defeated) Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday

Created Duma to appease People demanded more Limited power

Russia and WWI Russia allied with West to stop German domination of Europe Nicholas needed on front to command army Alexandra left to rule (Rasputin influenced) Food shortages; strikes broke out Army mutinied Nicholas forced to abdicate

Death of Romanovs Family eventually taken prisoner Killed in Siberia probably under order of Lenin in 1918

The Communists Took over 1917 Philosophy based on writings of Karl Marx (Communist Manifesto) Became “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics” (Soviet Union) Theory of Socialist society: 3 groups (working class, peasantry, white collar intelligentsia) coexist harmoniously and lay foundation for Communist Utopia

Lenin

Life under Communists Bolsheviks (militant faction of socialist movement) gained control Vladimir Lenin – first Bolshevik leader White Russians (loyal to czar)– fought against Bolshevik “Red Army” Red Army led by Leon Trotsky defeated White Russians Trotsky given powerful position in Lenin’s government

Trotsky

Struggle for Power Lenin dies (natural causes) Struggle for power between Trotsky and Joseph Stalin (party’s general secretary) Stalin takes over Trotsky exiled Trotsky assassinated in Mexico under orders from Stalin

Stalin

Stalin Cruel leader Removed anyone he didn’t trust Sent to labor camps 1934- 2/3 of Central Committee executed 1937-1938: 1 million people shot; 2 million died in camps (Purges)

Stalin’s Relationship with Hitler Initial cooperation Nazi expansion – Stalin sought alliance w/France & England Secret negotiations w/Germany Continued anti-German talks w/Allies Signed non-aggression pact w/Hitler (possible expansionist thoughts for himself), shocking Allies

1939: Germany invades Poland (begins WWII) Stalin invades Poland from East Stalin deports thousands of Poles to Siberia Stalin takes Finland and parts of Baltic June 22, 1941 – Germany invades USSR

Stalin enters the war on the side of the Allies January, 1943 – Germans DEFEATED in Battle of Stalingrad (turning point in war) Soviets continue pushing Germans back toward Germany U.S. troops move toward Germany from the west

Soviets/U.S. meet in Berlin; Nazis are defeated War ends 5/8/1945

Post War USSR Stalin dies 1953 Kruschev Breshnev Gorbechev Communist rule collapses in 1991; primary surviving state: Russia

“-isms” Socialism: you have two cows. Give one to your neighbor “-isms” Socialism: you have two cows. Give one to your neighbor. Communism: you have two cows. Give both cows to the government, and they may give you some of the milk. Fascism: you have two cows. You give all the milk to the government, and they sell it. Nazism: you have two cows. The government shoots you and takes both of the cows. Anarchism: you have two cows. Keep both of the cows, shoot the government agent, and steal another cow. Capitalism: You have two cows. Sell one cow and buy a bull.