General Psychology

Scripture James 1:19 Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every person be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath: For your anger does not produce God’s righteousness.

Memory  Memory*  persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS ON PAPER

Memory  To name the seven dwarfs, we must get the information into our brain (encoding), retain it over time (storage), and now get it back out (retrieval).  Forgetting may result from retrieval failure, rather than encoding or storage failure. IT WAS ON THE TIP OF MY TONGUE!!  Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc, and Bashful.

5 Memory Memory is the basis for knowing your friends, your neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and yourself. If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every language foreign; every task new; and even you yourself would be a stranger.

6 The Phenomenon of Memory Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to store and retrieve information.

7 Studying Memory: Information Processing Models Keyboard (Encoding) Disk (Storage) Monitor (Retrieval) Sequential Process

8 Information Processing The Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/ Corbis

9 Modifications to the Three-Stage Model 1.Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically. 2.Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory.

10 Working Memory A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

11 Encoding: Getting Information In How We Encode 1.Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed. 2.However, new or unusual information (friend’s new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort.

12 Automatic Processing We process an enormous amount of information effortlessly, such as the following: 1.Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page. 2.Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day. 3.Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.

13 Effortful Processing Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories. Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit © Bananastock/ Alamy

14 Rehearsal Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ Hermann Ebbinghaus ( )

15 Rehearsal The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2.

16 Memory Effects 1.Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time. 2.Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.

17 What We Encode 1.Encoding by meaning 2.Encoding by images 3.Encoding by organization

18 Encoding Meaning Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding.

19 Visual Encoding Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it. Both photos: Ho/AP Photo

20 Mnemonics Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory.

21 Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories. Organizing Information for Encoding 1.Chunking 2.Hierarchies

22 Chunking Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the numbers below If you are well versed with American history, chunk the numbers together and see if you can recall them better

23 Chunking Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it. HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

24 Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.

25 Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy

How good is your memory? I will present you with a table of 25 different objects

Write down all the objects that you can remember.

30 Storage: Retaining Information Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown below: Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding RetrievalEncoding Events Retrieval

31 Sensory Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding RetrievalEncoding Events Retrieval

32 Sensory Memories Iconic 0.5 sec. long Echoic 3-4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.

33 Working Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding RetrievalEncoding Events Retrieval

34 Working Memory Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2) and a short duration (20 seconds). Sir George Hamilton observed that he could accurately remember up to 7 beans thrown on the floor. If there were more beans, he guessed.

35 Capacity You should be able to recall 7±2 letters. The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information (1956). George Miller M U T G I K T L R S Y P Ready?

36 Chunking F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M The capacity of the working memory may be increased by “chunking.” FBI TWA CIA IBM 4 chunks

37 Duration Peterson and Peterson (1959) measured the duration of working memory by manipulating rehearsal. CH?? The duration of the working memory is about 20 sec. CHJ MKT HIJ …

38 Working Memory Duration

39 Long-Term Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding RetrievalEncoding Events Retrieval

40 Long-Term Memory Essentially unlimited capacity store. The Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6,000 caches of buried pine seeds during winter and spring. R.J. Erwin/ Photo Researchers

41 Memory Feats

42 Memory Stores Feature Sensory Memory Working Memory LTM EncodingCopyPhonemicSemantic CapacityUnlimited7±2 ChunksVery Large Duration0.25 sec.20 sec.Years

43 Storing Memories in the Brain 1.Loftus and Loftus (1980) reviewed previous research data showing, through brain stimulation, that memories were etched into the brain and found that only a handful of brain stimulated patients reported flashbacks. 2.Using rats, Lashley (1950) suggested that even after removing parts of the brain, the animals retain partial memory of the maze.

44 Déjà Vu Déjà Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience. © The New Yorker Collection, Leo Cullum from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved

Test  Deja Vu (French)--already seen *  cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience  "I've experienced this before.“ Say each word loudly as I show it to you…

REST

TIRED

AWAKE

DREAM

SNORE

BED

EAT

SLUMBER

SOUND

COMFORT

WAKE

NIGHT