1/23/12- Do-Now: Pass in your Chemistry & Biomolecule Word Puzzle. Set out your vocab to be checked. Copy AND answer the following questions on a blank sheet of paper. 1.How do you think you did on the Transport test? 2.Honestly, how long did you study? 3.Have you seen us for help since the last test? 4.What could YOU do to improve your grade? 5.What could we do to help you?

1/23/12- Do-Now: Take out Your Cell Wordsearches from Friday & Set out your Vocabulary from Week 2 to be checked. Copy AND answer the following questions on a blank sheet of paper. 1.How do you think you did on the Cell test? 2.Honestly, how long did you study? 3.Have you come in for help? 4.What could YOU do to improve your grade? 5.What could I do to help you?

Chemistry

Matter & Mass MATTER is anything that occupies space and has mass. MASS is the quantity of matter an object has.

ELEMENTS Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter There are over 100 elements, though fewer than 30 are important to living things.

ATOMS Simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element So small true structure can’t be observed Models help us to understand atoms

The Nucleus of an Atom Central core of an atom composed of: –PROTONS- positive (+) electrical charge –NEUTRONS- neutral (no) electrical charge

ATOMIC NUMBER Number of protons in an atom Atomic number generally appears above the chemical symbol

ELECTRONS-negatively (-) charged particles that balance out the protons, orbit around the nucleus of the atom, found in different energy levels

COMPOUND Pure substance made up of atoms or 2 or more elements Elements are typically not found “alone” in nature. They undergo CHEMICAL REACTIONS to become stable. BONDS (attachments) are formed.

COVALENT BONDS When 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons Water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. A MOLECULE is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of the substance & can exist in a free state.

IONS & IONIC BONDS An atom or molecule with an electrical charge The “Sodium Ion” is written Na+. “Chloride” is written Cl-. The positive and negative charges of the Na+ & Cl- are attracted to each other, creating an IONIC BOND.

ENERGY The ability to do work or cause change Can be converted to different forms FREE ENERGY-energy in a system available to do work –In a cell, it is the energy available to fuel cell processes.

States of Matter SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 REACTANTS –Usually shown on left side of chemical equations –What is needed to begin the reaction PRODUCTS –Usually shown on the right side of chemical equations –What is found when the reaction is completed

Energy Transfer EXERGONIC REACTIONS –Involve a net release of free energy ENDERGONIC REACTIONS –Involve a net absorption of free energy

ACTIVATION ENERGY Amount of energy needed to start a reaction CATALYSTS-reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction –ENZYMES-important group of catalysts in living things

Describing Solutions SOLUTION-mixture where 1 or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance SOLUTE-the substance dissolved in the solution SOLVENT-the substance the solute is dissolved in CONCENTRATION-measurement of the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution

Think about it… Imagine you are making sugar free grape kool-aid. Identify the solution, solute, and solvent. ?????

Think about it… Grape kool-aid (final product)=solution Kool-aid mix (before adding water)=solute Water=solvent **Water is the “universal solvent.”**

pH Scale ACIDS –Solution with more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions –Sour taste –Highly corrosive –pH of 1-6 is acidic (1 being the strongest acid) BASES –Solution with more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions –“ALKALINE” refers to bases –Bitter taste –Feel slippery –pH of 8-14 is basic (14 being the strongest base)

pH in Your Body

Buffers Neutralize small amounts of acids or bases added to a solution Complex buffering systems maintain the pH values of your body’s main fluids at normal and safe levels.