Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology

Metabolism G The sum total of all cellular reactions

Metabolism G Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell G Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell G Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell G Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell

Energy G Energy releasing reactions are exergonic – the free energy is released to be used in the cell for other operations G Reactions in which the amount of energy required for their initiation than the energy released are endergonic G Energy releasing reactions are exergonic – the free energy is released to be used in the cell for other operations G Reactions in which the amount of energy required for their initiation than the energy released are endergonic

Biochemical Reactions enzyme G Reactant(s) Product(s) ( substrate) Great specificity of the enzyme for the substrate Envisioned as a lock and key More probable like an induced fit enzyme G Reactant(s) Product(s) ( substrate) Great specificity of the enzyme for the substrate Envisioned as a lock and key More probable like an induced fit

Enzymes G Are biological catalysts G Proteins G Their tertiary structure produces a specific site for the interaction of reactants(substrates) G Are biological catalysts G Proteins G Their tertiary structure produces a specific site for the interaction of reactants(substrates)

Enzymes G Form temporary intermolecular forces with the substrate G Orient the substrate so the reaction occur G Associates two substrates that are in equally low concentrations in the cell G Form temporary intermolecular forces with the substrate G Orient the substrate so the reaction occur G Associates two substrates that are in equally low concentrations in the cell

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G Protease – breaks down proteins G DNase breaks down and recycles DNA G Kinase- tranfers phosphate from ATP to another molecule G Protease – breaks down proteins G DNase breaks down and recycles DNA G Kinase- tranfers phosphate from ATP to another molecule

Activation energy

G Activation energy is the energy required to start a biochemical reaction G All biochemical reactins require a biochemical catalyst to reduce the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction G Activation energy is the energy required to start a biochemical reaction G All biochemical reactins require a biochemical catalyst to reduce the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction

Factors that Affect the rate of an Enzyme reaction G Temperature G pH G Concentration of enzyme G Concentration of substrate G Temperature G pH G Concentration of enzyme G Concentration of substrate

Optimal Temperature and pH

Competitive Inhibition

Non Competitive Inhibitor

NAD- Coenzyme

NAD+

FAD Coenzyme

REDOX Reactions G Oxidation is the loss of electrosn( e-), the loss of hydrogen(H), and the gain of oxygen G Reduction is the gain of electrons, the gain of Hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen G Oxidation is the loss of electrosn( e-), the loss of hydrogen(H), and the gain of oxygen G Reduction is the gain of electrons, the gain of Hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen

REDOX

REDOX REACTION

Feedback Inhibition

Allosteric Interactions

Coupled reactions G Reactions which require the input of energy must be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP

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Terms G Chemo – chemical energy G Photo – light energy G Organo – organic molecules G Litho – uptake larger organic molecules for biosynthesis G Auto – produces its own organic molecules from basic molecules G Chemo – chemical energy G Photo – light energy G Organo – organic molecules G Litho – uptake larger organic molecules for biosynthesis G Auto – produces its own organic molecules from basic molecules

Chemoorganoheterotroph G Uses organic molecules for a Carbon source and as an energy source G Pathogens exhibit this type of metabolism G Uses organic molecules for a Carbon source and as an energy source G Pathogens exhibit this type of metabolism

Chemolithoautotroph G Uses inorganic molecules as a carbon source and energy source G Extremophiles, nitrogen fixing bacteria, thermophiles, and methanogens G Uses inorganic molecules as a carbon source and energy source G Extremophiles, nitrogen fixing bacteria, thermophiles, and methanogens

Photolithoautotroph G Uses light energy as an energy source and inorganic CO2 as a carbon source. G Conventional photosynthesis – Cyanobacteria G Chlorophyll as si the primary phtosynthetic pigment G Capture light energy at 420 and 620+ nm G Uses light energy as an energy source and inorganic CO2 as a carbon source. G Conventional photosynthesis – Cyanobacteria G Chlorophyll as si the primary phtosynthetic pigment G Capture light energy at 420 and 620+ nm

Photoorganoheterotroph G Use light energy to trasnform to energy for biological processes G Uses alternative pigments to capture light G Use light energy to trasnform to energy for biological processes G Uses alternative pigments to capture light

Pathways

Pathways begin with one molecule and end with a product G Glycolysis – Catabolic pathway – energy producing – breaks down glucose G Gluconeogensis – Anabolic – requires the inpute of energy – produces sugars and carbohydrates G Glycolysis – Catabolic pathway – energy producing – breaks down glucose G Gluconeogensis – Anabolic – requires the inpute of energy – produces sugars and carbohydrates

Cycles

Krebs – Citric Acid