1. Biology 107 Introduction to Metabolism II September 12, 2005

2. Nutrients Are Recycled But Energy Flows Through Biological Systems

3. Consequence Of Laws Of Thermodynamics For Living Organisms Organisms require a constant input of energy to maintain a high level of organization.

5. Photosynthesis (Transformation of Light Energy) 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O + radiant energy + 6 H 2 O + 6 O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O + 6 O 2 Stores energy in chemical bonds

6. Respiration (Transformation of Chemical Energy) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O + 6 O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 +12 H 2 O + energy 6 CO 2 +12 H 2 O + energy Provides energy for “work”

7. Introduction to Metabolism II Student Objectives:As a result of this lecture and the assigned reading, you should understand the following: 1.Enzymes act as catalysts (i.e., they participate in the reaction but are not reactants; enzymes are not consumed or transformed chemically in reactions they catalyze). 2.Enzymes are proteins that increase the speed of the reaction by lowering the activation energy necessary for the reaction.

8. Introduction to Metabolism II 3.Properties of enzymes: a.Enzymes combine briefly with reactants during enzyme- catalyzed reactions. b.Enzymes are relatively unchanged after catalyzing the conversion of reactants to products. c.Enzymes are specific in their activity; each enzyme catalyzes the reaction of a single type of molecule or a group of closely related molecules. d.Enzymes are saturated by high substrate concentrations. e.Many enzymes require non-protein groups, cofactors. Inorganic cofactors are metallic ions. Organic cofactors, coenzymes, are complex groups derived from vitamins.

9. Introduction to Metabolism II 4.Conditions affecting enzyme activity include: 1) substrate concentration; 2) temperature; 3) pH; 4) cofactor concentrations. 5.Enzyme inhibitors can interfere with the activity of enzymes; the inhibitors may be of two types: 1) competitive inhibitors or 2) noncompetitive inhibitors. 6.Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions) - Oxidation = the loss of electrons by a molecule, while reduction = gain of electrons. In living systems, the energy-capturing reactions (photosynthesis) and energy-releasing reactions (glycolysis and respiration) are oxidation-reduction reactions.

10. Introduction to Metabolism II 9.In an endergonic biosynthetic reaction, the electrons forming the chemical bonds of the product are at a higher energy level than the electrons of the reactants (i.e., the reaction requires input of energy). 10.Cells supply the energy for endergonic reactions through coupled reactions in which endergonic reactions are linked to exergonic reactions.

11. Enzymes Lower Activation Energy But They Do Not Change the Overall Energy Profile

12. The Enzyme Active Site Binds the Substrate(s)

13. The Reaction Environment Will Influence Reaction Rates Factors that may influence enzymatic reaction rates include: TemperaturepH Substrate concentration Cofactor concentration Enzyme concentration

14. The Enzyme Active Site Binds the Substrate(s)

15. Example of Enzyme-catalyzed Reaction

16. Catalytic Cycle

17. Competitive Inhibitors Bind to the Active Site of an Enzyme

18. Non-competitive (Allosteric) Inhibitors Bind to Enzyme Sites Other Than the Active Site

19. Comparison of Competitive and Non-competitive Inhibition of Enzymes Inhibitors are specific for single enzymes or closely related (structurally) enzymes. An enzyme may have sites for both competitive and non-competitive inhibitors

20. Allosteric Binding by Some Molecules Activates or Stabilize Enzymes while Other Molecules May Inhibit Enzymes

21. Inhibitors for a Pathway May Be End-products That “Feedback” to Turn Off the Pathway

22. Specific Localization of Enzymes Within the Cell Some enzymes are soluble individual molecules, some are grouped into complexes, some are incorporated into membranes, and others are contained inside organelles.