As the World Shrinks: South Asia Ming China The voyages of Zheng He Qing China Tokugawa Japan The Yi dynasty in Korea

Chapter 22 – Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

Ming Dynasty Chinese civilization flourished culturally, agriculturally and commercially. Provide stability for over 300 years

Doing Things Right Strengthening the Great Wall – Kept the Mongols out Restored civil service exams Nationwide school system Completion of he Grand Canal Commerce and trade received much-needed boost

Zheng he and Chinese Exploration “Almost” turning point in history Explored Indian Ocean and the East coast of Africa (aided by the Chinese invention of the compass) Returned with giraffes, ostriches and zebras Confucian scholars were resistant to change (Not impressed with outside world) Zheng He died, explorations ended with a big “what if.”

Hongwu – First Ming emperor 1368-1403 – drove out Mongols; reinstated and expanded the civil service examination and Confucian ideas, Ming rulers were embracing the Han dynasty 50 years after last of the Zhenghe expeditions, China developed a policy of isolation, trading and navy allowed to decline Macao and Canton – only two ports in Ming china where European were allowed to trade

The Fall of Ming Plagued with weal rulers and corruption High taxes on the people led to peasant unrest Bad harvest The last Ming emperor hung himself to a tree in the palace gardens

The Rise of the Qing The Manchu from Manchuria overthrow the Ming dynasty and ruled China for 300 years (1644-1911) The Manchu forced all the Chinese men to adopt the Mnachu style of dress and culture. This included shaved foreheads and braided pigtails called queues

The Great Kangxi Stabilized the frontiers He was tolerant of the new Christian missionaries; over 300,000 Chinese converted After his death the policy changed into suppression

Those Sneaky Europeans (1736-1797) European powers were able to make a significant impact on Chinese Peasants rebellion – White Lotus Rebellion – weaken government Europeans push for trading privileges

Matteo Ricci The most famous Jesuit missionary to China was Matteo Ricci. He and fellow Jesuits were respected by the Chinese because of their ability to use the Chinese language and respect for Confucianism. Founder of the Chinese Christian Church

Chinese Society and Culture Based on Confucian principles, worked to benefits all members of the family with wealthier families helping poorer families Organized around the family Respect for elders To this day in China the family is more important than the individual. An example of this comes from the way food is ordered. In America, everyone orders individually, but in China, one order is placed for the whole family

Women in China Still regarded as inferior to men Only men could obtain a formal education and career Women could not divorce their husbands or inherit property Binding women’s feet continued through the Qing period Women were still at the bottom of Chinese society

The first Portuguese arriving in India discovered that their products, apart from bullion, were too primitive for profitable exchange for Asian goods Muslim traders dominated Indian Ocean and Islam blocked the spread of Catholic Christianity Political divisions divided Asians who did not understand the threat posed by the new intruders Since they did not have sufficient acceptable commodities for profitable trade to Asia, the Portuguese used force to enter the network Portuguese aimed to establish a monopoly over the spice trade and to license all vessels trading between Malacca and Ormuz

Portuguese won supremacy on the African and Indian coasts They built forts at Goa – western India and Malacca on the Malayan peninsula in 1511 Objective to control the spice trade

Rise of the Dutch and English Dutch control the spice Island – captured Malacca, better ships English control India after the 7 years war Europeans were able to control Asian seas but not inland territories. The Europeans were forced to accept the power of Asian rulers in return for permission to trade

European established tribute regimes resembling the Spanish system in the New World Indigenous people lived under their own leaders and paid tribute in products produce by coerced labor under the direction of local elites - tribute system

Asian sea trading network – Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival, an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks

English and Dutch were not interest in winning converts to their religion. Portugal and Spain were, but success in Asia was minimal except in northern Philippines

Goa – Indian city developed by the Portuguese and a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population Malacca – City on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asian islands; became a major Portuguese trading Base

Japan and the Great Unifiers After collapse of Shogunate power in early 15th century, chaos as daimyo fought for power Mid - 16th century – three men fought for power Oda Nobunga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu - took title Shogun

Japanese History under Tokugawa Edo – capital city, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa Shogunate Deshima – Island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun. First daimyo to make extensive use of firearms Died 1582 – assassinated by one of his own followers Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun. Unifies a large part of Japan.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) General under Nobunaga; succeeded as power in central Japan Becomes suspicious of European territorial ambitions. Orders all European missionaries expelled from Japan.  Tries to invade Korea, but fails.

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) Appointed shogun by the Emperor. Four-class system laid down with marriage restricted to members of the same class!  Warriors. Farmers. Artisans. Merchants. Granted title of shogun Consolidation of power instead of seeking overseas expansion

Tokugawa Shogunate Period Japan closed off to all trade [except to the Dutch and Chinese].  The Dutch were restricted to a small island in Nagasaki harbor. Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden. The government is centralized with all power in the hands of the shogun. Domestic trade flourishes. Towns, esp. castle towns, increase. Merchant class becomes rich!  New art forms  haiku poetry, kabuki theater.

Social Changes/Culture Trade and industry flourished (stability) Banking and paper money also helped Social classes – emperor – shogun – daimyo – samurai – peasants – artisan – merchants than eta – social outcasts Culture thrived – fiction novel, poetry, Kabuki theater, action, music and dramatic gestures abut life in teahouses Art and architecture prospered

Catholic Jesuits in Japan New converts were not tolerant of other religious traditions and destroyed some Buddhist shrines Toyotomi expelled all Jesuit missionaries and persecuted Japanese Christians Finally all European merchants were expelled from Japan with one exception of the Dutch that remained in Nagasaki St. Francis Xavier [First Catholic Missionaries in Asia]

First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in Nagasaki Today

The Least You Need To Know After the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty, the Ming dynasty emerged to take political control of china for the late 14th century until 1644 The voyages of Zheng He during the early 15th c. were an unsuccessful attempt by China to look beyond its borders The Manchu from Manchuria seized control fo the failing Ming dynasty to create the Qing dynasty, which ruled China until 1911 Oda Nobunage, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Leyasu worked to unit a politically chaotic and divided Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate