by BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL

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Presentation transcript:

by BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL Current Concepts Review - Tendinosis of the Elbow (Tennis Elbow). Clinical Features and Findings of Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Electron Microscopy Studies* by BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am Volume 81(2):259-278 February 1, 1999 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 1 Photomicrograph of a specimen of normal tendon, showing parallel bundles of uniform-appearing collagen oriented along the long axis of the tendon. Fig. 1 Photomicrograph of a specimen of normal tendon, showing parallel bundles of uniform-appearing collagen oriented along the long axis of the tendon. The matrix, which is composed primarily of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and water, is stained evenly. No vascular structures are apparent within the tendon (hematoxylin and eosin, x 100). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 2 Photomicrograph demonstrating tendinosis of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon. Fig. 2 Photomicrograph demonstrating tendinosis of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon. The entire specimen appears to be hypercellular, with focal areas that are densely cellular. Some of the hypercellular regions are parallel to the tendon fibers (solid arrow), whereas others are not (open arrow). There is no evidence of an inflammatory response, as indicated by the absence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages (hematoxylin and eosin, x 20). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 3 Photomicrograph showing an enlarged view of the area around the open arrow in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 Photomicrograph showing an enlarged view of the area around the open arrow in Fig. 2. The area in which angiofibroblastic hyperplasia (right asterisk) meets normal tendon (left asterisk) contains active fibroblasts that are randomly oriented and appear to be infiltrating the surrounding tissue. Disorganized collagen (middle asterisk) abuts normal-appearing collagen. The matrix within the pathological areas is loose and pale in appearance (hematoxylin and eosin, x 100). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 4 Photomicrograph showing that the maturing vessel walls (single solid arrow) in areas of tendinosis stain darkly for elastin. Fig. 4 Photomicrograph showing that the maturing vessel walls (single solid arrow) in areas of tendinosis stain darkly for elastin. The areas of fat (open arrow) within tendon fascicles are an abnormal finding. The infiltrative appearance (double solid arrow) of tendinosis and the distinct boundary of normal tendon suggest a reparative and regenerative process (x 40). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 5 Photomicrograph of a specimen from a patient who had severe tendinosis. Fig. 5 Photomicrograph of a specimen from a patient who had severe tendinosis. The pale-blue regions indicate abnormal collagen and matrix production. Densely cellular regions (indicated by the red stain) reveal angiofibroblastic hyperplasia permeating the tendon in linear clefts and clusters. The appearance of this specimen should be contrasted with that of the specimen in Fig. 4, which shows a focal area of tendinosis in a more normal-appearing background (Masson trichrome, x 10). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 6 Photomicrograph demonstrating the permeative nature of tendinosis. Fig. 6 Photomicrograph demonstrating the permeative nature of tendinosis. This finding is indicated by the presence of widespread cellularity and randomly oriented vascular hyperplasia (vimentin, x 40). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 7 Photomicrograph demonstrating a crystal that was found within the region of tendinosis in a patient who had had twelve injections of cortisone for the treatment of tennis elbow. Fig. 7 Photomicrograph demonstrating a crystal that was found within the region of tendinosis in a patient who had had twelve injections of cortisone for the treatment of tennis elbow. The cellularity is plump and pale, with increased cytoplasm; thus, it is mesenchymal in appearance, with randomly oriented dedifferentiated fibroblasts. It has been suggested that, in the damaged tendon, the tenocyte dedifferentiates into a mesenchymal cell, which is capable of changing into vascular, adipose, chondroid, osseous, or fibroblast cell types. The matrix lacks any structural organization (toluidine blue, x 300). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 8 Electron microscopic image of a normal tenocyte. Fig. 8 Electron microscopic image of a normal tenocyte. The stellate cytoplasmic shape with projections into the surrounding matrix is quiescent, lacking evidence of an active production response. The nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio is high, the nucleus is centralized, and the chromatin is condensed at the center of the nucleus (solid arrow). The collagen matrix has organized bundles of uniformly sized collagen fibrils and lacks debris in the ground substance (x 5130). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 9 Electron microscopic image of a myofibroblast from an area of tendinosis. Fig. 9 Electron microscopic image of a myofibroblast from an area of tendinosis. The cell is elongated and lacks stellate projections. The nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio is small, and the chromatin is not condensed. The nucleus is eccentrically located. The cytoplasm is loaded with mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles, presumably for secretion. Pale-gray condensations along the cytoplasmic border are contractile elements (arrows), which may allow cellular movement. The surrounding collagen matrix is disorganized and unremodeled, and debris is apparent in the ground substance (x 4275). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 10 Photomicrograph demonstrating the vascularity in tendinosis. Fig. 10 Photomicrograph demonstrating the vascularity in tendinosis. Parts of the cell-lined lumen contain smooth muscle (single arrow), reflecting maturation into a vascular structure, whereas other areas do not stain (double arrow). It is believed that the tenocytes in injured tendons dedifferentiate into pluripotent mesenchymal cells, leading to local metaplasia (smooth muscle antigen, x 50). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 11 Electron microscopic image demonstrating the vascular region in an area of tendinosis. Fig. 11 Electron microscopic image demonstrating the vascular region in an area of tendinosis. Despite the presence of a vessel lumen (asterisk), a dense collection of fibroblasts is seen to contain areas of hypoxic granulation (arrow). The collagen matrix and the ground substance are in disarray and are full of debris. The presence of a vessel lumen does not result in a good remodeling process. It is believed that the vascular channel is formed locally and is not an ingrowth of functioning capillaries (x 3420). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 12 Electron microscopic image demonstrating a vessel in an area of tendinosis. Fig. 12 Electron microscopic image demonstrating a vessel in an area of tendinosis. Vessels were abnormal and contained reduplicated basal lamina and pericytes in multiple layers, a thickened inner lining, and some gaps in the basal lamina (x 8550). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 13 Electron microscopic image of collagen from a normal-appearing region of tendinosis, demonstrating collagen fibrils with small and large diameters (asterisk). Fig. 13 Electron microscopic image of collagen from a normal-appearing region of tendinosis, demonstrating collagen fibrils with small and large diameters (asterisk). The overall structural arrangement is organized in parallel bundles with no fragmentation and good cross-linkage (x 10,260). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Fig. 14 Electron microscopic image demonstrating short fragments of collagen that completely lack structural organization (x 13,690). Fig. 14 Electron microscopic image demonstrating short fragments of collagen that completely lack structural organization (x 13,690). BARRY S. KRAUSHAAR, and ROBERT P. NIRSCHL J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:259-278 ©1999 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.