Normal Line Incident RayReflected Ray <i<r <i = <r

 1. <i is equal to <r  2. Incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.

mirror Can use equidistance property as an easy way to locate image in flat mirrors

S izeSmaller vs. Same vs. Larger A ttitudeUprightvs. Inverted L ocationWhere the image is located T ypeReal(image on same side as object) vs. Virtual (image is behind mirror)

Locating images Applications

1 st : Draw a straight principal axis 2 nd :Pick a point as your Vertex (V) 3 rd : Pick a point as your Centre (C) 4 th : F = ½ C 5 th : Use your compass to draw the lens V FC

 Incident rays entering to a “Cave”  Concave = converging C V F Principal axis A ray parallel to principal axis is reflected through the focal point A ray going through the focal point is be reflected parallel to the principal axis A ray going through the centre of curvature (C) is reflected back through C A ray going through the vertex is reflected at the same angle (<i = <r)

 Image on SAME SIDE as object = REAL Image (can be captured on “screen”)  Image behind the mirror = VIRTUAL Image Object REAL Image VIRTUAL Image

 Simply use 2 of the rules  If object is Beyond C: C V F Image is: S – smaller A – inverted L – between C&F T – Real image

If object is at C C V F Image is: S – same size A – inverted L – At C T – Real image

If object is between C & F C V F Image is: S – larger A – inverted L – Beyond C T – Real image

If object is at F: F VC Parallel lines do not meet up NO clear image

If object is between F and V: F VC Image is: S – larger A – upright L – behind mirror T – Virtual image

Solar cooker  parallel beams of light from the Sun will converge at focus (F) Others: convergence of signals on satellite dish

Search light  need parallel beams of light  Set filament at focus (F)

Locating images Applications

 Rays ”bouncing off a ball”  Convex = diverging VF Principal axis C 1 st : A ray parallel to p.a. is reflected AS IF it had come through F 2 nd : A ray AIMED at C is reflected back upon itself. 3 rd : A ray AIMED at F is reflected parallel to p.a.

 Incident rays ”bouncing off a ball”  Image is ALWAYS smaller and virtual VFC Important Step!! Extend line backward.

Security mirror  convex mirrors show a wide range of view with their smaller virtual image.