Let’s Review!

Mitosis is: When a cell makes a copy of itself for: growth repair replacement

In mitosis: Mother cell with a full set Of chromosomes (diploid number; a.k.a. 2n) Two daughter cells With a full set of Chromosomes (diploid number; a.k.a 2n)

The Phases of Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis (you should ALL know these by heart by now!)

Mitosis Only body cells reproduce by mitosis (and some organisms too but we will talk about that later)

Meiosis Meiosis is __________ for _________ on ____________ to offspring.

Meiosis Meiosis is the kind of _________ ___________ that forms _______ and __________ cells. Egg and sperm are also called __________ CELLS ! They are ________ by the _________________ organs.

What is the _________ of making cells through meiosis? Meiosis helps a living thing _____________ its __________ number!

Meaning… Mom has _____ chromosomes Dad has ______ chromosomes You have _____ chromosomes

 Human ______ _____ have 46 chromosomes 10.1 Meiosis Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  ____ ______ contributes 23 chromosomes Chapter 10  _________ chromosomes—one of two _________ chromosomes, one from each parent Chromosomes and Chromosome Number

Definitions: Chromosomes: _____ all the __________ that is _________ from one __________ to the next. _________ in your ________ make up that makes you-YOU your ________, your ______ color, hair color, whether you have __________, or curly ________ etc. This is all ____________.

Chromosomes and Chromosome Number 10.1 Meiosis Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Same ____________  Same ____________ position  Carry ________ that ___________ the same ________ traits Chapter 10

BUT If mom ________ you ______ 46 of her chromosomes AND dad gave you ________ 46 of his chromosomes (______ __ __________) _______ would have _____ chromosomes

And You would ________ in ______ from what your __________ were. AND Your ________ would ________ in size from what you are now

Eventually You would be a huge monster that could no longer be supported by the resources of the planet.

That doesn’t happen _______ only gives you ______ her _______ information (____ chromosomes) ________ only _______ you _______ his _________ information (___ chromosomes) So, that you _________ the _______ chromosome number of ____ in your body

More Definitions: ________ Number: the ______ number of _________ in an organism (in humans this is ____) ________ Number: ______ of the total ____________ of chromosomes in an organism (in humans this is __)

Meiosis is the way that: An ________ produces ________ to ______ the same number of _________ from generation to ____________. ________ and ____ cells (gametes) are made so that they only have _____ of the total number of chromosomes. So that when egg and sperm ________ they create a ________ organism with the ________ number of chromosomes!

Meiosis I  The _______ life cycle in animals involves _________. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  ________ produces ___________ Meiosis  _________ gametes _________ in ________, the number of chromosomes is ____________. Chapter 10

Stages of Meiosis I  ________ the chromosome ______ by ____ through the _________ of __________ chromosomes Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Involves _____ consecutive cell _______ called meiosis ___ and meiosis ____ 10.1 Meiosis Chapter 10

Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  _________  Chromosomes _______.  _________ condenses. Chapter 10 Interphase

Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  _____________ I  _______ of homologous chromosomes _______.  Each _______ consists of two _________.  The ________ envelope _______ down.  _________ form. Chapter 10 Prophase I

Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  Prophase I  ________ over produces ________ of genetic ____________.  Crossing over—__________ segments are __________ between a _______ of _________ chromosomes. Chapter 10

Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  ____________ I  Chromosome __________ attach to ________ fibers.  Homologous chromosomes _____ __ at the ________. Chapter 10 Metaphase I

Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  _____________ I Chapter 10 Anaphase I  Homologous chromosomes ________ and move to __________ poles of the cell.

Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  ____________ I  The _______ break down.  Chromosomes ______ and form two ______  The cell _________. Chapter 10 Telophase I

Meiosis II  ____________ II Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Chapter 10  A _______ set of _____begins as the spindle ________ forms and the chromosomes ____________. Prophase II

Meiosis II  _____________ II Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Chapter 10  A ______ number of chromosomes _____ ___ at the equator. Metaphase II

Meiosis II Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  ___________ II Chapter 10 Anaphase II  The _______ chromatids are ______ ______ at the _______ by spindle fibers and ______ toward the opposite ____ of the cell.

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis II Chapter 10  __________ II  The chromosomes ______ the poles, and the nuclear ______ and nuclei ________. Telophase II

Meiosis II Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  ______ results in _____ haploid cells, each with __ number of chromosomes Meiosis Chapter 10 Cytokinesis

The ______________ of Meiosis  Meiosis consists of ____ sets of _________ Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  _______ four ______ daughter cells that are _______ identical 10.1 Meiosis  _________ in genetic ____________ Chapter 10

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics _______ Provides ________  ________ on how the chromosomes _____ __ at the equator, ____ gametes with _____ different _____ of _________ can result.  Genetic _______ also is ______ during ______ over and during _______, when ______ randomly ___________ Meiosis Chapter 10

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Sexual Reproduction v. Asexual Reproduction  _____________ reproduction  The organism ______ ____ of its chromosomes from a ______ parent.  The ______ individual is genetically identical to its parent.  _________ reproduction  ______ genes _______ faster over time Meiosis Chapter 10

The end result of meiosis: ____ new cells that have only ______the number of chromosomes (________ number) in males- ___ sperm cells are _______ (in humans the __________ # is 23) in females- 1 ____ and 3 _____ bodies are made (the egg has 23 chromosomes)

More Vocabulary ________: the stage in life when a person begins to _________ sex cells _______: _______ sex organs that produce _______ ________: female sex organs that produce _______ (a.k.a: ova)

More Vocabulary: ________ body: the _____ cells formed by a ______ during meiosis. They all ____ after being created. __________: when the _______ from the egg and sperm _____ together. The new _______ has a ____________ set of chromosomes now, ___ from each parent.

Egg versus Sperm Eggs: A woman has her _________ number of eggs (about 7 million) while still a _______ in her mother’s womb. At ______ that number _______ to about __ or ___ million. By ________ that number has _________ to about ________. And of that number _____ ______-_____ ever mature to be __________ by the ovary.

Egg versus Sperm As women _____ fewer eggs can ______ because of __________.

Egg versus Sperm ________: At _______ the males _______ makes millions of sperm _______ day.

Egg versus Sperm Size: Eggs are ________ compared to the sperm. Fertilization: _______sperm _____ to _______ the egg, however, it only takes one to make a baby!

Mendel’s Work In 1865 an Austrian Monk named _______ ______ saw certain ______ in the garden pea plants he grew in his garden. He __________ and ________ the traits he saw in the pea plants.

Mendel Mendel was able to ______ some _____ laws of genetics. He explained _______ and _________. He also __________ how traits were ______ from _______ to _________

Mendel looked at pea plants He looked at several traits of the pea plant.

 The ________ generation is also known as the _____ generation. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  The ______ filial (F 2 ) generation is the ______ from the F 1 cross Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10  The ________ of this P cross are called the _____ _________(F 1 ) generation.

Genes in Pairs Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  _______  An _______ form of a _____ gene ______ from generation to generation  Dominant  Recessive 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

_______: A ______ that “_______ __” another trait (the ________ trait) and is what can be ______ (either physically, or genetically) in an organism. ___________: A gene that gets ______ up by a dominant trait Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

Homozygous versus Heterozygous  An organism with _____ of the ______ _______ for a particular trait is ____________. Can either be TWO ___________ alleles or TWO ___________ alleles example: Homozygous __________ would be written ____ (the _______ trait would be seen) Homozygous ___________ would be written _____ (the __________ trait would be seen)

Homozygous versus Heterozygous  An organism with ____ ______ alleles for a particular trait is ______________.  This would be written:  ______ ( and the ________ trait would _____ __ the recessive trait)

Dominant versus Recessive There are ______ ways for a dominant trait to show up: ____________ Dominant (TT) Or _____________ (Tt)

Dominant versus Recessive The _________ way for a recessive trait to be seen is if it is: ______________ recessive (tt)

Genotype and Phenotype Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  An organism’s _______ ______ are called its _____________.  The _________ characteristic or _______ expression of an allele pair is called the ___________ Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

Mendel’s Law of Segregation Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  ______ alleles for each trait _________ during meiosis.  During _________, two alleles for that trait ____.  __________ organisms are called _________ Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

Monohybrid Cross Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  A ________ that involves ______ for a ______ trait is called a ________ cross Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Dihybrid Cross  The _________ inheritance of ___ or _____ traits in the same plant is a _______ cross.  _________ are __________ for both traits Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Law of _______________ Assortment  _______ distribution of ______ occurs during gamete _____________  _______ on _________ chromosomes sort ___________ during meiosis.  Each allele ________ is _________ likely to _________ Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

Expected and Observed Results The _______ Square: is a way to _____ which _____ can ______ when egg and sperm _______. _______ are used when ________ to a ________ trait. A ______ letter such as __ is used to ________ a dominant _______ A ______ letter such as __ is used to ________ a recessive gene

Our example continues: A person with ___ genes is ________ dominant (pure dominant) for ____ earlobes (meaning they have _______ earlobes) A person with ___ genes is _______ recessive (pure recessive) for ________ earlobes (their earlobes don’t dangle)

Our example continues: A person with ___ genes is ______ dominant and they have ______ earlobes When a person has a ________ AND a _________ gene (like above) then the _____ LETTER is ______ first and the _____ letter is written next. This is meant to show that the _____ gene is what can be seen.

Follow these steps to determine the possible combinations of genes a child could have. For our example both parents will be __________ Each parent has: __ (one copy of the _________ trait which is _______ earlobes) __ (one copy of the _________ trait which is ________ earlobes) It is written this way: ____

Step 1 Draw a punnett square ______ little _______ of the box (each quarter) stands for 1 ___________ ______ of genes that the future offspring can have There are ____ boxes, so four possible ________ of genes will be shown. _______ combination of genes ________ from a sperm cell ___________ an egg cell

Step 2 Mother’s Genes Father’s Genes ___________ what kind of genes will be in the _____ cells of _______ _________. _________ the ________ for the genes that ________ appear in the mother’s egg _________ the top of the square. (one of the letters above each different square). For our example, remember that mom is heterozygous: Ff Ff

Step 3 Mother’s Genes Father’s Genes Now, _______ the letters for the genes that _______ appear in the father’s sperm ______ the side of the square. (one of the letters next to each different square). For our example, remember that dad is ___________: Ff Meaning there are 2 possible genes for the sperm F: _______ earlobes f: _________ earlobes Ff F f

Step 4 ______ the letters that appear at the ________ of the square into the _________ below each letter. ________ the letters that _______ at the _______ of the square _____ the boxes ______ to each letter FFFf ff Mother’s Genes Ff Dad’s genes F f

Step 5 Look at ______ little ________. They now show the possible __________ of eggs and sperm. They also show the possible __________ of genes that the ___________ might _________. In our example: FF, Ff, ff FFFf ff Mother’s Genes Ff Dad’s genes F f

Step 6 The Punnett Square at right ______ the way the child could ______. Remember __ is ______ for _____ earlobes. There are _____ possible ways for a child to have ______ earlobes: FF and Ff (3 out of the 4 offspring would have free earlobes) FF Free earlobes Ff Free earlobes Ff Free earlobes ff Attached earlobes Mother’s Genes Ff Dad’s genes F f

Step 6 There is only _____ combination of genes that would result in a child with ________ earlobes: ff On average only __ out of ___ kids would have attached earlobes FF Free earlobes Ff Free earlobes Ff Free earlobes ff Attached earlobes Mother’s Genes Ff Dad’s genes F f

Expected Ratios The punnett square _______ what kinds of traits ___________ can have. It shows what to _______ when the _______ and _____ of two parents ______. ________ results are what can be ________.

Expected Ratios We can ______ what each child will look like. ___ would have _____ earlobes, ___ would have _______ earlobes We could only make these predictions because we knew what genes the parents had.

Observed Results We know that the _______ ________ from Punnett Square don’t always occur in every family The traits that are _________ ______ in offspring when parents with certain genetic traits mate are the ___________ ___________. A ________ square _______ what _________ happen.

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Punnett Square— Dihybrid Cross  _____ types of alleles from the _____ gametes and ____ types of alleles from the female gametes can be _________.  The ________ phenotypic _____ is __________ Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

Genetic Recombination  The new ________ of genes produced by _________ _____ and ____________ ___________ 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  ________ of genes due to independent assortment can be ________ using the formula ___, where n is the number of chromosome ______. Chapter 10

Gene Linkage  The _______ of genes on a chromosome results in an ________ to Mendel’s law of ___________ assortment because linked genes usually ____ _____ segregate independently. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Chapter 10

Polyploidy Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  _______ is the occurrence of ____ or more extra _____ of all _________ in an organism.  A ______ organism, for instance, would be  designated ___, which means that it has ______ complete _____ of chromosomes Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Chapter 10