 4 major candidates:  Andrew Jackson  John Quincy Adams  Henry Clay  William Crawford

 A candidate who receives support from their state/region instead of the national party.  Clay-West (KY)  Jackson- West (TN)  Adams- Northeast (MA)

 More than ½  A candidate needs a majority to win the presidency

 The largest share  Plurality does not win a presidential election

 Clay gives his votes to Adams in exchange for becoming the Secretary of State.

 Mudslinging– Attempts to ruin your opponents with insults  Jackson Wins!

 “Old Hickory”  Got the name from his troops who said he was as tough as a hickory stick

 Replacing government employees with the winning candidate’s supporters

 Tariff passed by Jackson to help American manufacturers  Southerners hate the new tariff– it raises prices on goods, but doesn’t help them.

 The cancellation of a federal bill by a state.  Many feared it would lead to secession.

Section 11.2

 The Cherokee (GA, AL, MS) did many things to show they were a nation  Cherokee Constitution  Cherokee Alphabet  Cherokee Schools  Cherokee Newspapers  Farmed

 Passed in 1830  Allowed the government to pay Native Americans to move from their lands.

 Present-day Oklahoma  Where Native Americans were moved to.

 The Cherokee nation took the government to court.  Chief Justice Marshall ruled that Georgia had no right to interfere with the Cherokee  Andrew Jackson– “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

 1838  Federal troops led Cherokee from their lands and moved west.  Brutal weather, treatment, and conditions, led to many deaths

 Seminole Chief  Led many successful raids against US Forts.

 Seminoles  Used Guerilla Tactics—Hit and run style

Section 11.3

 Jackson always hated the Bank of the United States  He thought it was ran by and benefitted only rich people  Nicholas Biddle– the bank’s president, Jackson’s nemesis

 A rejection of a bill by a president  Jackson used the veto more than any other president

 The bank needed to be re-chartered to keep going  Jackson vetoes the charter, ending the bank

 A time where business and employment fall to a low level  The Panic of 1837 causes one  Pres. Van Buren decides not to intervene

 “Let it be”  The government should interfere as little as possible in economics

 A new political party, against Van Buren  Nominated William Henry Harrison to run against Van Buren

 Log Cabin Campaign– Presents Harrison as a common man and Van Buren as a snob.

Manifest Destiny

 The Area between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, north of California

 United States  Britain  Spain  Russia

 Mountain men and fur trappers  Looking for beaver pelts and other animals

 So many wagons moving west, it looked like many ships going out to sea

 The idea that the US was destined to have a country that covered the whole continent

 The US should not take less than a northern border of 54’40” Latitude  They settle at 49

12.2

 Famous outdoorsman from Tennessee  Lost seat in congress, moved to Texas

 Residents of Texas, Mexican citizens

 The first three hundred American families to settle in TX– led by Stephen F Austin

 1830– A decree that bans all immigration from the US

 1. Remove the ban on US settlement  2. Make Texas a separate state  Santa Anna: Yes to 1, no to 2

 180 Texans barricaded inside a mission  After a 12 day siege, the Mexican army is victorious

 Sam Houston gathers troops to attack Santa Anna  “Remember the Alamo”  It led to Santa Anna signing a treaty that recognizes Texas’ independence

 Should Texas become a state?  They would like to be  Only problem– Should they come in as a slave state or a free state?

 Congress is divided on the subject  President James Polk campaigns for it– Manifest Destiny supporters pass it. Texas becomes a state--1845

12.3 and 12.4

 America tries to provoke Mexico into war  This is a way to gain California and New Mexico  Disputed border– Rio Grande or Nueces  Zachary Taylor brings troops to disputed land, attacked by Mexican troops  War is on

 3 parts  1. Drive Mexican troops out of disputed area  2. Seize New Mexico and California  3. Capture Mexico City

 Led by Winfield Scott  Took about a month before surrender (9/1847)  American battle tolls  1721 to battle  11,000 to disease

 Ends the Mexican-American War

 Gold discovered in California in 1848  People flood in from around the world in 1849

 Mexican-Californians, became US citizens after treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

 Cities that grew overnight  Crowded and busy  Merchants made the best profit

 Mormons– An offshoot of the Christian religion  Started in New York, then Illinois, before finishing in Utah  Leaders– Joseph Smith, Brigham Young