Symbiotic Relationships 10/09/15

Interactions How doORGANISMS in anECOSYSTEM interact? – ORGANISMS in an ecosystem interact with plants, animals and theirENVIRONMENT. – INTERACTIONS can cause populations toINCREASE or DECREASE. – INTERACTIONS can also cause theECOSYSTEM to change.

Stability What is a stableECOSYSTEM? – A stableECOSYSTEM is one in which thePOPULATION and resources change in aPREDICTABLE manner. – In a stableECOSYSTEM, there is healthy balance betweenPREDATOR and PREY.

Predation What isPREDATION? – AnINTERACTION species in whichPREDATORS eat PREY. – This healthyRELATIONSHIP balances the populations within anECOSYSTEM. – Example:lions eating gazelles in a grassland regulate the number ofgazelles in the grassland.

Impact of Predation How does thePREDATOR/ prey relationship affect POPULATION ? – If the number of prey in aPOPULATION increases then the number ofPREDATORS will also increase. – If the number ofPREDATORS decreases, then the number of prey willINCREASE.

Competition What isCOMPETITION? – When species within anECOSYSTEM compete for the sameRESOURCES. – Organisms in anECOSYSTEM compete for: FOOD WATER SPACE – Example: In the ocean, dolphins, whales and large fish all compete for smaller fish.

Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis = __________________________ – Sym = same time, together – Bio = life Co-exist: synonym or antonym? Cooperate means ___________________ _______________________________________ Living together in a close environment To work together towards a common end goal or purpose (think group work)

Attack of the Killer Fungi! Cordyceps - Planet Earth Make note: – Is an organism benefiting? – Is an organism being harmed? – Can you connect this type of relationship to something you have already learned?

The 3 symbiotic relationships A. Mutualism (+/+) – Both organisms benefit B. Parasitism(+/-) – 1 organsism benefits, another is harmed C. Commensalism(+/o) – 1 organism benefits, other is unaffected

Let’s recall… Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism both organisms benefit one organism benefits one organism is unaffected one organism is harmed

Mutualism Both organisms benefit from interaction Organism One Organism Two

Anemone & Clown Fish This fish lives its entire adult life among the tentacles of a bulb- tentacle sea anemone. Clown fish do not get stung by the anemone as would most other fish so they get protection from predators. The fish often drop food scraps which the anemones can eat.

Commensalism One organism benefits, the other is not affected. Organism One Organism Two

The remora attaches itself to the shark and saves energy since it doesn’t have to swim, and it gets to snack on the sharks kills. The shark doesn’t get anything. Shark & Remora

Parasitism One organism benefits and the other organism (host) is harmed Organism One Organism Two

Loa Loa Worm & Human This worm infects the human blood stream and gets a nice warm safe home there. The human may go blind or have other complications as a result.

Cooperation Working together so all organisms benefit

Ants! Despite having different jobs, all ants work together for the good of their colony.

Competition Fighting for resources- food, water, shelter, mates

Red Deer During mating season, red deer males will get in many fights to be considered the best male for the females to mate.

Predation One animal hunts, the other is the food

Predation The killer whale swims beneath the seals and then goes up towards the surface, scooping part of the seal in its mouth.

What kind of interaction? You will see real life examples of the interactions addressed in the powerpoint.

Honey bees Honey bees have specific roles to complete for the success of the colony. What interaction is this? cooperation

Boxer Crab & Anemones This Boxer Crab carries a pair of stinging anemones in its claws, which it uses to defend itself from predators. The anemones get to move around which increases their food supply. mutualism What interaction is this?

This tiny emperor shrimp is riding along on the back of a sea cucumber (a long worm- like starfish relative) while it crawls along a sandy bottom. The shrimp gets to travel around under the protection of its much larger partner, and the sea cucumber doesn't seem to mind. Emperor Shrimp & Sea Cucumber commensalism What interaction is this?

The Purple Sea Star The purple sea star consistently feeds on the barnacles that are the greatest number. They all feed on the same type of barnacles. What interaction is this? competition

Cattle & Cattle Egrets As these cattle walk around eating grass they stir up lots of insects. The egrets hang around and get a yummy meal of insects. What interaction is this? commensalism

Antelope & Ox Bird This ox bird hangs out on the antelope and gets a delicious meal of bugs living on the antelope. The antelope gets rid of parasites. What interaction is this? mutualism

Dragonflies and mosquitoes Dragonflies eat mosquito larvae and fully mature mosquitoes. What interaction is this? predation

Goby and Alpheid Shrimp What interaction is this? mutualism This alpheid shrimp (on the right) uses its strong claws like a bulldozer to create a burrow in the sand. The shrimp is nearly blind. It relies upon its partner, the sharp-eyed goby, to warn of danger. When a potential predator approaches, both animals disappear quickly into the burrow