Subphylum Mandibulata Class Myriapoda = chilopoda and diplopoda Arthropods Subphylum Mandibulata Class Myriapoda = chilopoda and diplopoda

Chilopods ~ 3,000 centipedes Single pair of antennae Pair of mandibles Eyes simple when present

Diplopoda ~ 10,000 millipedes Mostly deposit feeders in soil some carnivores 2 pair legs per segment

Hexapoda = six-footed Class Insecta Well-studied Impacts on ag, pollination, disease vectors, commercial products ~1,000,000 species described 4X more to be described

Silverfish = Order Zygentoma Subclass Pterygota = winged insects Insect taxonomy Silverfish = Order Zygentoma Subclass Pterygota = winged insects

Winged insects Order Ephemeroptera: mayflies wings cannot be folded adults live hours to few days larvae are aquatic

Winged insects Order Odonata = damselflies and dragonflies wings cannot be folded aquatic larvae predators

Winged insects Order Orthoptera = crickets, grasshoppers produce noise by rubbing wings

Winged insects Order Plecoptera = stoneflies Adults live only long enough to mate Aquatic larvae, drumming behavior

Order Hemiptera = true bugs piercing mouthparts Winged insects Order Hemiptera = true bugs piercing mouthparts

Order Coleoptera = beetles front pair of wings form protective cover Winged insects Order Coleoptera = beetles front pair of wings form protective cover

Winged insects Order Diptera = true flies Posterior wings are reduced = halteres Aquatic larvae in some

Winged insects Order Trichoptera = caddisflies like small moths, feed on liquids aquatic larvae = case-builders

Winged insects Order Lepidoptera = moths and butterflies Larvae = caterpillars

Insect body Head, thorax, abdomen

Insect head 4 paired appendages: One pair antennae Mandibles, maxillae, labium = lower lip

Two pairs of wings Reduced 2nd pair in diptera = halteres Insect thorax Two pairs of wings Reduced 2nd pair in diptera = halteres

Tympanal organs = hearing Compound eyes and ocelli Insect senses Tympanal organs = hearing Compound eyes and ocelli

Gas exchange

Insects produce uric acid from protein metabolites Malpighian tubules Water balance Insects produce uric acid from protein metabolites Malpighian tubules

Insect development - instars Metamorphosis hemimetabolous = gradual holometabolous = larva – pupa -adult