1. Success, Anatomy, Life cycles
Insects
Success, Anatomy, Life cycles

2. The Success of Insects Insects have been around for 300 million years
Estimated million species of insects worldwide
Out number humans 1,000,000 – 1
Out weigh (mass) humans 10-1

3. Reasons for Success Small size
Millions of years to establish their niche
Survive from the benefits of microclimates
Most are winged (can pick up and move)
Most have complete metamorphosis
Have tremendous reproductive capacity

4. Parts

5. The Basic Anatomy

6. Insect Anatomy

7. Head
Eyes
Antennae
Mouth Parts

8. Compound Eyes
Compound eyes are a visual organ found in most arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. It may consist of thousands of tiny independent photoreception units consisting of a cornea, lens, and photoreceptor cells which distinguish brightness and color.
The image perceived by the arthropod is a combination of inputs from the numerous units, which are oriented to point in slightly different directions. Compared with single-aperture eyes, compound eyes have poor image resolution; however, they possess a very large view angle and the ability to detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarization of light.

9. Ocelli Small bump-like structures like eyes
Usually on the top of the head
Ocelli are less adapted for recognition of objects and more for detection of light, and movement. They have one single lens

10. Anatomy - Thorax Each of the 3 sections of the thorax Prothorax
Mesothorax
Metathorax
typically have have 1 set of legs and the 2 sets of wings are attached to the Mesothorax and the Metathorax

11. Thorax Legs (6) Wings (4) Butterfly wings folded up at rest
Wings can be folded or remain out like this dragonfly
Cicada wings folded across the body

12. Caterpillar Anatomy
Caterpillars are the larval stage of insects in the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) order of insects.
Their long large abdomens are supported by prolegs which are temporary appendages for that life stage only

13. Halteres (reduced knob-like 2nd set of wings thought to be used for balance)

14. Elytra (first set of wings) on a beetle

15. Abdomen
The abdomen is where all of the major organs typically reside and has up to 13 segments

16. Life Cycles

17. [Division] - Exopterygota
Biting and Sucking lice (Order: Phthiraptera)
Booklice and Barklice (Order: Psocoptera)
Cockroaches (Order: Blattodea)
Dragonflies and Damselflies (Order: Odonata)
Earwigs (Order: Dermaptera)
Grasshoppers and Crickets (Order: Orthoptera)
Praying Mantids (Order: Mantodea)
Mayflies (Order: Ephemeroptera)
Stick insects and Leaf insects (Order: Phasmatodea)
Stoneflies (Order: Plecoptera)
Termites (Previously Order: Isoptera but now part of Order: Blattodea)
Thrips (Order: Thysanoptera)
True Bugs (Order: Hemiptera)
Web-spinners (Order: Embioptera)
Zorapterans (Order: Zoraptera)
[Division] Endopterygota
Alderflies, Dobsonflies & Fishflies (Order: Megaloptera)
Bees, Wasps and Ants (Order: Hymenoptera)
Beetles (Order: Coleoptera)
Butterflies and Moths (Order: Lepidoptera)
Caddisflies (Order: Trichoptera)
Fleas (Order: Siphonaptera)
Flies (Order: Diptera)
Lacewings, Antlions & Mantidflies (Order: Neuroptera)
Scorpionflies (Order: Mecoptera)
Snakeflies (Order: Raphidioptera)
Strepsipterans (Order: Strepsiptera)
Simple life cycle
You are responsible for the orders in Blue
Complete life cycle

18. Life Cycles (for this class)
Simple life cycles:
Complete life cycles

19. Simple Life Cycle
Smaller stages of the life cycle typically look similar to the adult

20. Complete life cycles: Usually 4 staged life cycle starting with an egg that hatches into larval form which in time pupates. The adult emerges from the pupae looking many times completely different

22. General Taxonomy Categories
Honey Bee
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Arthropoda
Class - Insecta
Order - Hymenoptera
Family - Apidae
Genus - Apis
Species - mellifera
You will need to know some of the more common orders of insects

23. Odonata - old group of insects that have 2 sets of similar sized wings, are considered to be excellent strong flyers, have chewing mouth parts and mostly feed on other insects
Dragonflys – cannot fold up wings
Damselflys fold wings along their back when at rest.

24. Orthoptera Grasshoppers, katydids, crickets

25. Lepidoptera
Moths and Butterflys

27. Hymenoptera
The social insects

28. Hemiptera – True bugs

29. Homoptera – Tree hoppers, Leaf hoppers, Psyllids, Cicadas

30. Damage Signs Caused by Insects
Defoliation
Flagging
Leaf cupping
Leaf curling
Mining of leaves and needles
Notching of leaf margins
Oviposition Scars
Reddening
Scaring
Shot holing
Skeletonization
Stippling
Streaking
Tunneling of fruit
Windowpaning
Yellowing