Juvenile Delinquency CJ 150 Tom Woods We will begin at the top of the hour.

Population living in cities 1790 – 5% 1850 – 15% 1900 – 40% 1920 – 51% Chronic poverty had become a problem in cities.

In the early 1800’s delinquent, neglected, and runaway juveniles were treated as adult criminal offenders. People in the following categories were all considered dangerous: PoorSingleCriminal Mentally illUnemployed

 Reform Schools were the first institutions created to care for vagrant and delinquent youths. These were set up by state and local governments.  1848 – Massachusetts  1849 – New York  1850 – Ohio  1906 – Main, Rhode Island, and Michigan

 Learn a trade  Gain a basic education  Racial segregation  Sexual segregation  Harsh discipline  Intense labor  Poor physical care  Labeled criminals Most of these juveniles were placed simply for being abused or neglected children.

 1853 – Developed by Charles Brace His plan was to remove troubled children from urban areas to farms out west. His plan called for using what was referred to as Orphan Trains. These Orphan Trains would make predetermined stops where farm families could board the train and pick out a child.

 Orphan Trains had some success.  Also had problems with exploitation.  150,000 juveniles were placed with families.  Orphan Trains ended in 1930.

 The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children  SPCC programs had been established.  These program were established to protect children at home and in schools.

 Reform schools  care for vagrant & delinquent youths.  Children’s Aid Society  protect youths from city dangers.  Orphan Trains  place urban youths in farm communities.  SPCC  protect abused and neglected children while advocating criminal charges for neglecting parents.

Most of today’s juvenile court systems are modeled after this 1899 Illinois Act which was to first of it’s kind. 1. Children should not be held accountable as adults. 2. Treat and rehabilitate rather than punish. 3. Dispositions based on circumstances and child’s needs. 4. Eliminate confusing rules and procedures.

Established:  Delinquency is a legal concept  Distinction between neglect and delinquency  Delinquent was under 16 and violated the law  Separate court for children  Probation program specifically for children

 Separate courts, court procedures, institutions, and probation programs for juveniles  No attorneys required  Hearsay evidence was admissible  Preponderance of evidence, as opposed to proof, beyond a reasonable doubt  No appeals By 1917 all but 3 states enacted similar legislation as Illinois.

Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act Omnibus Safe Streets Act and Crime Control Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) – paid college tuition for college students) 1968 National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals 1973

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 1994

 Early England  Pledge System  neighbors protected each other  Watch System  used watchmen to patrol  Early America  Sheriff  local sheriff would patrol on foot  Delinquency Control Squads  Wickershawm Commission along with the Association of Chiefs of Police (1931)

 August Vollmer (1930) responsible for University training for police  Modern management  Prevention programs  Juvenile aid bureaus

Believe police are honest: 15% of African Americans 30% of Native Americans 31% of Hispanics 51% of Asians 57% of European Americans

Police actions are controlled by: 1 Statute 2 Case Law 3 Judicial Review All of which cover the following: 1 Arrests 2 Searches 3 Seizures 4 Interrogation

 Arrest  taking one into custody  Probable Cause  reasonable belief an offense was committed and the accused committed the act.  Search & Seizure  must believe a crime was committed, obtain a search warrant

 Stop and frisk  Search incident to an arrest  Auto search ( need probable cause)  Consent search  Plain view  Electronic surveillance (no warrant needed if no exception of privacy)

 Community Policing  Problem Oriented Policing  Aggressive Law Enforcement  Target trouble spots  Saturation patrols There are currently 14,000 full time police officers in our schools.

What qualities do you think would make a good juvenile officer? Should a juvenile officer be required to have a college education?