Celebrating the Tevatron: The Machine(s) Steve Holmes DPF2011 August 13, 2011

The Vision( ) 1972  400 GeV Main Ring operational  Bob Wilson: Tunnel/service buildings accommodate a superconducting accelerator at 2x the energy ~1976  SC magnet program initiated  Rubbia, Cline, McIntyre propose proton-antiproton collider at CERN or Fermilab  1E29 luminosity deemed sufficient for W, Z  Supported by 1E11 antiprotons/day DPF2011, S. Holmes 2

Conceiving the Tevatron Collider Armistice Day Shootout (Nov. 11, 1978) Lederman established Fermilab priorities for the future:  Top priority is completion of the Energy Saver/Doubler  Antiproton-proton colliding beams will be in the Doubler.  Accelerator Division responsible for developing design and associated technologies for an antiproton source. DPF2011, S. Holmes 3  Quick and dirty colliding beam schemes suspended

Building the Tevatron Collider June 1981: Director’s Review of Tev I The Committee (Tigner):  “The design appears to be adequate to meet the goals for Pbar production and accumulation listed in the design report. However those goals are too modest. “  “We recommend that the Laboratory re-examine the goals and develop a feasibility design commensurate with the full potential of the Main Ring-Booster combination to produce pbars.” Lederman directed John Peoples:  Develop an alternate design which rests on the considerations of technical feasibility (& not cost).  Provide a progress report in 40 days. DPF2011, S. Holmes 4

Antiprotons DPF2011, S. Holmes 5

Completing the Construction ( ) July 1979  Tevatron construction authorized July 1982  CDF and Antiproton Source authorized July 1983  First accelerated beam 512 GeV 1984  D0 approved by DOE October 1985  First western hemisphere antiproton-proton collisions DPF2011, S. Holmes 6

Collider Construction DPF2011, S. Holmes 7 December 1983 December 1982

October 13, 1985 DPF2011, S. Holmes 8 Estimated Luminosity: 2×10 25 cm -2 sec -1

Meeting the Goals: Run Tev I Design Actual Energy1800 GeV Protons/bunch6× ×10 10 Antiprotons/bunch6× ×10 10 Bunches36 Luminosity1× ×10 30 cm -2 sec -1 DPF2011, S. Holmes 9 Delivered Luminosity (CDF): 5 pb -1 (0.005 fb -1 )

Establishing the Future Strategy ( ) DPF2011, S. Holmes 10 Number of protons per bunch Number of antiprotons (total) Beam emittance Strategy for moving beyond 1×10 30 based on: Brighter proton beams More antiprotons

Strategy for the Future: Run I By run a strategy was already in place for upgrading the Tevatron to 1×10 31 cm -2 sec -1 Helical orbits  Eliminate all collisions outside of B0 and D0  Twenty electrostatic separators: 250 kV/5 cm  Result: Beam-beam was not a limitation for the duration of Tevatron history New low-  systems (B0 and D0)  Matched  * w/ ×1/2 reduction 400 MeV linac upgrade  More protons to pbar target  Increase proton beam brightness DPF2011, S. Holmes 11

Strategy for the Future: Run I Antiproton Source improvements  Debuncher transverse cooling  Improved cooling system bandwidths Cryogenic Cold Compressors  Lower operating temperature by 0.5 K  “Tevatron” And we were already starting to think about Run II… DPF2011, S. Holmes 12

DPF2011, S. Holmes Page 13 TM-1491 Strategy for the Future: Run II

DPF2011, S. Holmes 14 Main Injector Recycler Run II (initial) Goal: 5×10 31 cm -2 sec -1

Achieving Full Potential ( ): Main Injector Summer 1993: Main Injector DPF2011, S. Holmes Page 15

Achieving Full Potential ( ): Recycler DPF2011, S. Holmes Page 16 Run II (modified) Goal: 8×10 31 cm -2 sec -1

June 1999 DPF2011, S. Holmes Page 17

Run II (June 2001 – September 2011) Run II “Campaign” in response to initial difficulties  Many modest problems overcome Several major innovations  Electron cooling of antiprotons (in the Recycler)  Slip-stacking  Tevatron electron lens DPF2011, S. Holmes 18

DPF2011, S. Holmes Page 19

Electron Cooling DPF2011, S. Holmes Page 20

Run I and II Tev I Design Run IRun II Energy GeV Protons/bunch6× × ×10 10 Antiprotons/bunch6× × ×10 10 Bunches3636 Luminosity1× × ×10 30 cm -2 sec -1 DPF2011, S. Holmes 21 Delivered Luminosity (CDF/D0 average) Run I: 0.18 fb -1 Run II:12.0 fb -1

Appreciating the Tevatron DPF2011, S. Holmes 22 Tevatron Initial Goal Main Injector + Recycler When we started we measured success in nb -1 By the mid-90’s we measured success in pb -1 At the end we measured success in fb -1

Appreciating the Tevatron Ultimate performance exceeded initial goal x400  35% average annual growth over 20 years  Far outperforming the stock market! October 4, 2005  Tevatron surpassed ISR as highest luminosity hadron collider ever: 1.4×10 32 cm -2 sec -1 April 22, 2011  LHC surpassed the Tevatron as highest luminosity hadron collider: 4.7×10 32 cm -2 sec -1 The Tevatron remains the highest luminosity proton-antiproton collider ever 4.3×10 32 cm -2 sec -1 In the It’s success made possible HERA, RHIC, LHC DPF2011, S. Holmes 23

Thousands of people made this happen. Among the one’s I especially remember: Wilson, Lederman, Peoples, Witherell, Oddone Orr, Edwards (x2), Collins, Lundy, Tollestrup Malamud, Limon, Turkot, Mantsch, Flora, Tool, Rode, Johnson (xn), Ankenbrandt, Mau, Marriner, Dugan, Harrison, Martin, Bogert, Fowler, Pawlak, Nestander (x2), Bharadwaj, Pewitt, Harding, Nagaitsev, Wolf, Krafczyk, Lackey (x2), Hojvat, McCarthy, Griffin, Mills, Ruggierro, Finley, Ducar, Casebolt, Theilacker, Reid, Kerns(x2), McGinnis, Pasquinelli, Church, Mishra, Foster, Jackson, Pellico, Johnstone (x2), Gollwitzer, Moore (x2), Kourbanis, Dixon, Czarapata, Shiltsev, Chemiakine, Lebedev… DPF2011, S. Holmes 24