Chapter 6 1.Tales of origin 2.The Trojan War retold in past tense 3.The flavor of the imperfect 4.The Trojan War foretold 5.Forming the imperfect and future 6.Getting people’s attention (vocative) 7.Getting people to do things (imperative) 8.Taking stock of your new verb forms 9.Cassandra’s song

1. Tales of origin Ītalia agrōs et agricolās habet. Nātūra aquam cibumque dat. Sed tum advenae ad terram Ītaliae nāvigant. Pugnāre solent. Templa aedificant … Iuppiter Neptūnō imperium dat pontī … Prīmus Rōmae conditor Rōmulus est. Lupa iuvat et Rōmulum et Remum … Graecī et Trōiānī bellum longum pugnant. Sed Graecī Trōiānōs dolō armīsque superant.

2. The Trojan War retold in past tense Present tensePAST (IMPERFECT) tense Graecī et Trōiānī bellum longum pugnant. Sed Graecī in ligneō equō latent. Trōiānī equum vident et in Trōiam portant. Tum somnus Trōiānōs habet. Graecī ex equō festīnant et portās reserant. Tandem Graecī Trōiānōs superant. pugnābant latēbant portābant habēbat reserābant superābant

3. The flavor of the imperfect *** TWO PAST TENSES IN LATIN *** IMPERFECTPERFECT Nātūra aquam cibumque dābat. “(In the Golden Age) Nature gave/used to give/was giving water and food.” Iuppiter Neptūnō imperium pontī dedit. “Juppiter has given/gave Neptune power over the sea.” imperfective aspect (a sense of repetition, habit, state of affairs) (sometimes also a sense of attempt or beginning) perfective aspect (a sense of completion, singularity, simplicity)

4. The Trojan War foretold Present tenseFUTURE tense Graecī et Trōiānī bellum longum pugnant. Sed Graecī in ligneō equō latent. Trōiānī equum vident et in Trōiam portant. Tum somnus Trōiānōs habet. Graecī ex equō festīnant et portās reserant. Tandem Graecī Trōiānōs superant. pugnābunt latēbunt portābunt habēbit reserābunt superābunt

5. Forming the imperfect and future PRESENTIMPERFECTFUTURE amā-habē-amā-bā-habē-bā-amā-bi-habē-bi- amō amās amat amāmus amātis amant habeō habēs habet habēmus habētis habent amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis amābant habēbam habēbās habēbat habēbāmus habēbātis habēbant amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis amābunt habēbō habēbis habēbit habēbimus habēbitis habēbunt

6. Getting people’s attention (vocative) SINGULARPLURAL ō rēgīnaō rēgīnae ō agricolaō agricolae ō domineō dominī ō fīlīō fīlī ō mī domine ō puerō puerī ō templumō templa!

7. Telling people to do things (imperative) stempresent active imperative sg.pl. amā-re habē-re amā habē amāte habēte amā tuum! Love your own! habēte animum! Have courage! Sapere audē! Dare to be wise. (from audeō, -ēre) In case you’re wondering: Negative commands use a different construction: Nōlī + infin. (sg.) Nōlīte + infin. (pl.) Nōlī habēre cūram! Don’t have a worry!

8. Taking stock of your new verb forms personnumbertensevoicemood 1 st 2 nd 3 rd singular plural present imperfect future perfect pluperfect future perfect active passive indicative subjunctive imperative infinitive participle

9. Cassandra’s song recalled by Aeneas “Caecī fūriā monstrum portābāmus in Trōiam. Cassandra clāmābat, nōn umquam crēdita Trōiānīs. Sed templa deōrum vēlābāmus …” caecus, -a, -umblind(ed) fūria, -aef.insanity monstrum, -ī monster, prodigy umquamever crēditus, -a, -umbelieved, believable (by, + dat.) vēlō, -āreadorn, garland

9. Cassandra’s song in comic strip 1. Cassandra clāmābat: “Ō Trōiānī, equumne in Trōiam portābitis? Dōna Graecōrum semper timēte!” Equus enim puellam terrēbat. 3. Sed tum novus dominus Graecus Cassandram portābat ē Trōiā in Graeciam. Puellam nōn amābat dominī fēmina: “Animum parāte, ō puella domineque! ē vītā ambulābitis.” 2. Cassandra templum Minervae intrābat. “Ō dea nostra, manē et iuvā! Templum tuum vēlābimus!” Sed Aiax, vir Graecus, festīnābat puellaeque nocēbat.