Ch. 2. Sanitation management today and in future Aeration lagoons in a city sewage treatment plant (J-O Drangert) Women washing clothes in a way which optimises water use (R. Shrestha) Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

2.1 Sanitation arrangements at household and community levels Is there one system that suits most conditions or must we choose and combine? Learning objectives: matching management with technology and local conditions Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Changes in our perceptions of urban flows water non-organic items Household, community or city chemicals wastewater WWTP lake food Year 1900: nutrients from human waste were recycled ⇒ but disposal of glass and metal in latrine bins made this impossible ⇒ Human-derived nutrients went into the water cycle Year 2000: use of sewage sludge as fertiliser ⇒ but heavy metals and hormones in wastewater made this impossible ⇒ Sludge went to landfill or incineration Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

(a) An urban eco-house for a single family Hot water solar heater Roof tanks Rainwater catchment Rainwater catchment Urine-diverting toilet flower garden Dug well for groundwater recharge SODIS drinking water Vegetable garden with urine & composted faecal matter Greywater treatment plant Rainwater collection tank Biosand filter for well water treatment Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal

(a 1) Rainwater collection and storage Bio-sand filter for well water Roof catchment for rain Biosand filter Well for groundwater recharge Rainwater pipe Underground tank Underground tank & rainwater flushing Rainwater overflow pipe Groundwater recharge Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal

(a 2) Waterless and odourless urine-diverting toilet Porcelain UD-toilet Co-compost bin Co-compost bin Resting bin for faeces Shute Urine tank with tap Collection bin Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal

(a 3) Gardening with greywater, urine and composted faecal matter Lawn and flowers on terrace garden Reed bed for treating greywater that is recycled on the terrace SODIS treatment of drinking water Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal

Self-contained neighbourhood with six houses in a small town in Australia Courtesy of Garry Scott, Compost Toilet Systems, Mullumbimby, Australia

(b 1) Some ingenious technical details Rainwater filter box Diversion of clean rainwater Collection tube for the first rain Fly trap – a simple plastic bottle cut in two Newly installed container for excreta (Clivus Multrum) Courtesy of Garry Scott, Compost Toilet Systems, Mullumbimby, Australia

(c) A block of semi-detached ecosan houses in Kimberley, South Africa Jag har minskat bilden för att få plats med hela texten på samma sida (i skapligt stor grad). Detta borde vi kanske göra genomgående. Bilden fungerar främst som en signal om vilken sida som avses. Om texten blir < =11 pt borde kanske luften mellan styckena göras < 6pt liksom ev. indraget! Courtesy of SIPU International, Sweden J-O Drangert, Linköping University Sweden 10

(c 1) The sanitation arrangements at each house Bio-solids Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

(c 2) Design solutions in Kimberley, South Africa plastic bucket Small garden Greywater use in the garden Water-less urinal opening to remove bucket Door to reach the bucket from outside of house Kimberley UDT in píeces Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

(d) Eco-blocks in water-scarce Erdos, China Greywater treatment plant Composting station Pond with effluent 4-5 storey buildings Surrounding farmland Surrounding farmland Source: Zhu Quiang 2008 13

(d 1) Sanitation arrangements in Erdos eco-town Source: Zhu Quiang 2008 14

(d 2) Resident assessment in Erdos Ventilated cabinet Bent vent pipes to evacuate bin Four types of problems – frequency of occurrence in August 2008 Source: Zhu Quiang, 2008

(e) High-rise housing complex in the water-scarce city of Bangalore, India J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

(e 1) Mini-wastewater treatment plant in the cellar Carbon filter Pressure sand filter Sedimentation and aeration tanks Dewatering compressor J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

(e 2) Experiences and future trends Ganesh Consultancy & Analytical Services, Bangalore (Mini-WWTP)

(f) Self-contained housing complex WC 15 L 50 L 10 L 130 L 80 L wetland/tank STP 130 70 L 55 L groundwater recharge well water 80 L groundwater Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping university, Sweden

Restoring nature in urban settings A cross-section of Bosco Verticale Restoring nature in urban settings . Source: Financial Times, 2011

Strategies for sanitation improvements Principle: Organic ≠ other solid waste Stormwater ≠ sewage Industrial ≠ household wastewater Toilet water ≠ greywater Faeces ≠ urine Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden 21