Nanomaterials a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology

Content Page 3 Definition 4 Overview 5 properties of nanomaterials 6-8 Nanogold (Colloidal gold) 9-10 Silver nanoparticles Fullerene & Carbon nanotubesNanosensorReference

Defenition A nanomaterial is a material made up of nanostructures between 1 and 100 nanometres (or billionths of a metre) in size. These nanostructures can be nanoparticles, nanotubes (such as carbon nanotubes) or nanocrystals. Because of the small size of the structures that make them up, the properties of nanomaterials are different to those of ordinary materials

Overview Nanomaterials are manufactured for a wide variety of applications. An emblematic example is carbon nanotube- based nanomaterials, with applications anticipated in nanoelectronics (components), medicine (transport of drugs in the body), information technology (computer memory), etc. All kinds of ‘composite' nanomaterial (combinations of materials that are normally immiscible) are also being produced. The idea is to introduce nanostructures - nanoparticles, for instance - into a matrix (metal, organic material, etc.) to obtain specific properties of hardness, mechanical strength, conductivity or electrical insulation, and so on. So it is already possible to construct materials to measure. The economic potential is huge.

properties of nanomaterials The principal parameters of nanoparticles are their shape size, and the morphological sub-structure of the substance. Nanoparticles are presented as an aerosol (mostly solid or liquid phase in air), a suspension (mostly solid in liquids) or an emulsion (two liquid phases). In the presence of chemical agents, the surface and interfacial properties may be modified.

Nanogold (Colloidal gold) --a suspension/colloid of gold in a fluid 10 nm particles absorb green light and thus appear red The size goes down, the melting temperature decreases Gold ceases to be noble turn into insulators Shape: icosahedral symmetry, or hollow or planar, depending on size.

Usage of nanogold Electron Microscopy Colloidal gold has been widely-used contrast agents for biological electron microscopy. Colloidal gold particles can be attached to many traditional biological probes such as antibodies, lectins, superantigens, glycans, nucleic acids, and receptors. Particles of different sizes are easily distinguishable in electron micrographs, allowing simultaneous multiple-labelling experiments.

Health and medical applications Colloidal gold has been successfully used as a therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in rats. The implantation of gold beads near arthritic hip joints in dogs has been found to relieve pain. The combination of microwave radiation and colloidal gold can destroy the beta-amyloid fibrils and plaque which are associated with Alzheimer's disease. The possibilities for numerous similar radiative applications are also currently under exploration. Gold nanoparticles are being investigated as carriers for drugs such as Paclitaxel. Nanosized particles are particularly efficient in evading the reticuloendothelial system. In cancer research, colloidal gold can be used to target tumors. Usage of nanogold

Silver nanoparticles Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver Size: silver particles between 1 nm and 100 nm While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms. Synthesis: There are many different synthetic routes to silver nanoparticles. They can be divided into three broad categories: physical vapor deposition, ion implantation, or wet chemistry.

Medical uses of Silver nanoparticles There is an effort to incorporate silver nanoparticles into a wide range of medical devices bone cement, surgical instruments, surgical masks, wound dressings. treatment of HIV-1. Samsung has created and marketed a material called Silver Nano, that includes silver nanoparticles on the surfaces of household appliances. Silver nanoparticles have been used as the cathode in a silver-oxide battery.

Nanoparticle--Fullerene A fullerene is a molecule composed by carbon. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite. The first fullerene to be discovered, and the family's namesake, was buckminsterfullerene C 60, made in 1985 by Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley. Fullerenes have since been found to occur (if rarely) in nature.

Buckyballs and buckytubes have been the subject of intense research, both for their unique chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in materials science, electronics, and nanotechnology. Nanoparticle--Fullerene

Carbon nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes’ length-to-diameter ratio is larger than any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them very useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science. Carbon nanotubes have strength and unique electrical properties. They are efficient thermal conductors.

Nanosensor Nanosensor are computer sensor that pass nano imformation Nanosensor chips work at the nanoscale and nanorobots The produce of nanosensor involve attaching a single particle onto the end of a carbon nanotube and measuring the vibrational frequency of the nanotube both with and without the particle

Nanosensor

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