American Imperialism “…the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.” Source: dictionary.com

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Why did the United States Expand?

Manifest Destiny and the Closing of the Frontier Frederick Jackson Turner

The Turner Theses ThesisSynopsis Turner Quote The Frontier The frontier thesis is the assertion that the American character, including such traits as democracy and materialism, derived from the frontier experience. "The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement, explain American development." The Safety Valve The safety valve thesis is the assertion that the frontier, as a place of opportunity and escape, defused social discontent in America. "So long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power." Successive Frontiers Turner said that in the development of any frontier area, one phase of economic and social development followed another in distinct stages. This is the concept of successive frontiers. "Stand at Cumberland Gap and watch the procession of civilization, marching single file--the buffalo following the trail to the salt springs, the Indian, the fur-trader and hunter, the cattle-raiser, the pioneer farmer--and the frontier has passed by. Stand at South Pass in the Rockies a century later and see the same procession with wider intervals between."

Social Darwinism

Other Reasons for Expansion Missionary Spirit Economic Factors/Free Trade New Technology

Basis Causes of the Spanish-American War Economics Humanitarian Needs Expansionist Beliefs

Immediate Causes of the War Jingoism Yellow Journalism DeLome Letter Sinking of the Maine

The War and its Results 10 weeks of fighting April 1898: armistice signed Teller Amendment: promised U.S. would not annex Cuba Treaty of Paris (1898) –Granted Cuba its independence –U.S. purchased the Philippines for $20 million –Ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S.

Governing the Territories Hawaii was made a territory in : promise made to Philippines for independence; honored in 1946 Foraker Act (1900) –Provided for a Puerto Rican legislature –U.S. citizenship in 1917 –Named a commonwealth in 1948

U.S. as World Power Panama Canal Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine –Venezuelan Border Dispute (1895) –Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

U.S. Interventionism Platt Amendment (1901) –Required U.S. approval of Cuba’s treaties –Lease naval base (Guantanamo) –Intervention for peace preservation

U.S. Interventionism Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) Moral Diplomacy (Wilson) Good Neighbor Policy (Hoover and FDR)

U.S. and Asia China –Open Door Policy –Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Step 1: Document Analysis Each group member should examine ONE of the following documents. You will debate annexation of the Philippines from the perspective of the writer of your document. Make sure your group includes at least one pro-annexation, one anti-annexation, and one Filipino perspective. After reading your assigned document, skim the other ones. 1. U.S. President William McKinley interview excerpt published in William McKinleyWilliam McKinley 2. U.S. Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. William Jennings Bryan.William Jennings Bryan. 3. Senator Alfred Beveridge (Republican-Indiana) Senator Alfred BeveridgeSenator Alfred Beveridge 4. Colored Citizens of Boston (The Boston Post, July 18, 1899) Colored Citizens of BostonColored Citizens of Boston 5. Emilio Aguinaldo (President of the Independent Philippine Republic) Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo 6. Clemencia Lopez (An Activist in the Philippine Struggle for Independence) Clemencia LopezClemencia Lopez

Step 2: Prepare to Debate Prepare to debate, from the perspective of your character, by answering the following questions: 1. What is the name of your character (i.e., author of your document)? 2. What position is your character taking on the question of annexation (making the Philippines part of the United States)? What are his / her reasons? 3. What more would you like to know about your character? 4. Why do you think your character thinks the way he / she does? What would it take to change his / her thinking somewhat? 5. What are some of the reasons on the other side of the argument? 6. If your character had to try to reach a consensus or compromise with others who disagree, what kind of compromise would your character be willing to accept? What would he /she not be willing to compromise on?

Step 3: Choosing a recorder Make a chart with space for reasons for and against U.S. annexation of the Philippines. Choose someone to record these reasons during the debate.

Step 4: Presenting the views from the documents Each group member, pretending they are the person who wrote their assigned document, should present that person’s view on annexation to the rest of the group.

Step 5: Debate When everyone has presented their view, continue discussing and debating the question of U.S. annexation. Use the documents and their authors as the basis for your debate. In other words, try to STAY IN CHARACTER!

Step 6: Reaching a consensus By the end of the debate, group members should try to reach a consensus-a compromise on which everyone can agree-about what position the U.S. should take on the question of annexation. Participants should refer to their answers from Step 2.

Step 7: Report to the class

Assignment: Newspaper Editorial or Illustration Editorial Response: Do you believe imperialism is the right course of action for the United States in 1905? Cite a minimum of 3 specific pieces of evidence to support your argument. Minimum: 250 words Illustration: Your illustration may be in black and white or in color. It should convey your opinion on the issue of imperialism. You will be graded on both your artistry and idea.