Historical Perspective  Immunity - state of protection from an infectious disease.  430 BC – Greek historian Thucydides - Athenian plague  15 th century – Chinese attempts to induce immunity  1718 – Mary Wortley Montagu – innoculated her children  1798 – Edward Jenner – milkmaids and cowpox/smallpox

Historical Perspective  early 1880’s – Cholera and chickens Attenuation hypothesis  1881 – Testing the hypothesis with anthrax and sheep  1885 – Rabies vaccine Louis Pasteur

Historical Perspective  Behring and Kitasato – link serum to immunity  1883 – Metchnikoff – links cells (phagocytes) to immunity  early 1900’s – many functions of immune serum  1930’s – Kabat - immunoglobulin/antibodies  1950’s – Glick – two types of lymphocytes

Historical Perspective  1900 – Paul Ehrlich – Selective theory  1950’s – Jerne, Talmadge and Burnet – clonal selection theory

Historical Perspective

Infection and Immunity  pathogens – organisms causing disease  pathogenesis – the means by which disease-causing organisms attach a host.

Innate and Adaptive Immunity Innate 1 st line of defense Non-specific mechanisms Phagocytes and recognition molecules Adaptive 2 nd line of defense Highly specific mechanisms Lymphocytes, antigen specific receptors, antibodies

Immune Dysfunction  Allergies and asthma  Autoimmune disease  Immunodeficiency