-ALEXANDER III AND HIS SON, NICHOLAS II SOUGHT INDUSTRIALIZATION -RUSSIAN LIBERALS DESIRED A CONSTITUTION AND REFORM -CZARS SUPPRESSED REFORM THROUGH HARSH TACTICS

-Landowning nobles, priests, and a Czar dominated society -Middle class and peasants lived a hard life with little chance of moving up in society -Industrialization angered peasants

-Worked for long hours with low wages -Workers lived in slums that gave rise to poverty and disease -Socialists ideas spread

-Russification: Czars attempt to make all the different cultures in their empire to think, act, and believe as Russians. -Minorities didn’t want culture destroyed.

-SUNDAY, JANUARY 22, 1905 A MARCH OCCURRED IN ST. PETERSBURG -MARCHERS HOPED FOR REFORM FROM CZAR -CZAR NICHOLAS II FEARERING UPRISING, CALLED IN SOLDIERS -MANY MARCHERS SHOT AND KILLED -ALSO KNOWN AS THE REVOLUTION OF 1905

-DESTROYED FAITH AND TRUST IN CZAR -STRIKES AND REVOLTS EXPLODED ACROSS RUSSIA -NICHOLAS REFORMED BY GRANTING MORE RIGHTS -DUMA FORMED

-Russia lacked adequate weapons and supplies resulting in battlefield defeats. -Food was scarce -Soldiers lost confidence and began deserting.

-March 1917 shortage of food fuel and housing sparked revolt -St. Petersburg demanded bread. -Czar soldiers refused to fire. -Czar Nicholas II gave up throne

-After removal of the Czar, Duma set up temporary government -Middle-Class liberal in the government promised to write a constitution and promised democratic reforms -They continued the war again Germany, unpopular decision -New government implemented only moderate reforms and did little to end unrest among peasants and workers.

-Vladimir Lenin headed a revolutionary socialist party, the Bolsheviks -Lenin gained support by making promises of “Peace, Land, and Bread” -November 1917 Bolsheviks led soldiers, sailors, and factory workers in uprising -Bolsheviks now called Communists, gave land to peasants and gave workers control -In March 1918 Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk withdrawing them from WWI but gave up large amounts of territory to Germany

-Lenin and Communists -Employed secret police to root out their enemies. -Executed thousands opposing revolution as well as Czar Nicholas II -Defeated Whites by Forces loyal to Czar -Slaughtered communists and attempted to assassinate Lenin -Britain, France, and United States sent them troops to help fight.

-Emerged after Lenin died in Ruled through terror and brutality -Great Purge: Stalin accused thousands of people of crimes again government. Those accused were executed, exiled, or sent to prison camps --Totalitarian State: One-Party dictatorship that attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of citizens

-Promoted Russian history, language, and culture, sometimes forbidding the cultural practices of natives. -Appointed Russians to key posts in the government and secret police -He redrew the boundaries of many republics to ensure that non-Russians would not gain majority.