This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC Michigan State University designs and establishes FRIB as a DOE Office of Science National User Facility in support of the mission of the Office of Nuclear Physics. Brad Sherrill for the FRIB Laboratory and Project Team 1 June 2012 Facility for Rare Isotope Beams: Status and Capabilities

 Introduction – Science and capabilities of FRIB  Overview of the FRIB project (400 kW 200 MeV/u heavy-Ion linear accelerator)  Science program  Summary Outline Sherrill NN2012, Slide 2

Introduction: FRIB Scientific Program Properties of nuclei Develop a predictive model of nuclei and their interactions Many-body quantum problem: intellectual overlap to mesoscopic science, quantum dots, atomic clusters, etc. The limits of elements and isotopes Astrophysical processes Origin of the elements in the cosmos Explosive environments: novae, supernovae, X-ray bursts … Properties of neutron stars Tests of fundamental symmetries Effects of symmetry violations are amplified in certain nuclei Societal applications and benefits Bio-medicine, energy, material sciences, national security, Slide 3Sherrill NN2012

FRIB Isotope Production Scheme Cartoon of the isotope production process at FRIB – projectile fragmentation or fission (Coulomb breakup, transfer, …) To produce a key drip line nucleus like 122 Zr the production cross section (from 136 Xe) is estimated to be 2x b (2 attobarns, 2x m 2 ) Nevertheless with a 136 Xe beam of 8x10 13 ion/s (400 kW at 200 MeV/u) a few atoms per week can be made and studied (>80% collection efficiency) For comparison: Element 117 production cross section was 1.3 ( ) pb (1.3x b) (Oganessian, Yu. Ts. et al PRL 104 (2010) ) Few x m 2 is on the order of 100 MeV neutrino-electron elastic scattering cross sections projectile target Sherrill NN2012, Slide 4

The Reach of FRIB Sherrill NN2012, Slide 5 Separated fast beam rates Theory is key O. Tarasov LISE++

Fast beams (>100 MeV/u) Decay studies, knockout, Coulomb excitation, nuclear structure, limits of existence, EOS of asymmetric matter Stopped beams (0-100 keV) Ion thermalization - fast, efficient Precision experiments – masses, moments, atomic structure, symmetries Reaccelerated beams ( MeV/u) Ion thermalization and reacceleration Detailed study of nucleus-nucleus collisions with exotic nuclei Astrophysical reaction rates FRIB Features: Fast, Stopped, and Reaccelerated Beams Sherrill NN2012, Slide 6 Talks of T. Otsuka, G. Hagen, …

The Number of Isotopes Available for Study Sherrill NN2012, Slide 7  Estimated Possible: Erler, Birge, Kortelainen, Nazarewicz, Olsen, Stoitsov, to be published, based on a study of EDF models  “Known” defined as isotopes with at least one excited state known  Below Z=90 FRIB will be able to make >80% of all possible isotopes

Overview of the FRIB Facility, Slide 8Sherrill NN2012 Existing NSCL Target Front End Cryogenic Facility Linac Support Accelerator Systems

Rendered Perspective Southeast View Sherrill NN2012, Slide 9

FRIB Layout, Slide 10Sherrill NN2012 Target Folding Segment 2 Linac Segment 3 Linac Segment 1 Beam Delivery System Front End Reaccelerator Linac Segment 2 Fast Beam Area Gas Stopping Stopped Beam Area Reaccelerated Beam Area Fragment Separator Folding Segment 1

FRIB Leadership (not complete)  T. Glasmacher (FRIB Project Leader)  B. Bull (Conventional Facility Division Director)  J. Wei (Accelerator Division Director) Y. Yamasaki (Deputy) A. Facco, K. Saito (SRF) F. Casagrande (Cryogenics)  G. Bollen (Experimental Systems Division Director) A. Zeller (Magnets) M. Hausmann (Fragment Separator) F. Pellemoine, W. Mittig (Targets) R. Ronningen (Radiation Transport)  Konrad Gelbke (Lab Director), Brad Sherrill (Chief Scientist)  Collaboration with many national and international partners: ANL, BINP, BNL, FNAL, GSI, INFN, JLAB, KEK, LANL, LBNL, ORNL, SLAC, SOREQ, SANDIA, RIKEN, TRIUMF FRIB Project Leadership Team Sherrill NN2012, Slide 11

Driver Linear Accelerator  Tunnel is 550 ft long 70 ft wide 25 ft underground, Slide 12Sherrill NN2012 Beam Delivery System Linac Segment 3 Front End Linac Segment 1 Folding Segment 1 Linac Segment 2 Folding Segment 2

Isotope Production Area Target and Fragment Separator, Slide 13Sherrill NN2012 Target Beam Dump Preseparator (First Stage) Second and Third Stage Rare Isotope Beams to Experiments Primary Beam from Driver Linear Accelerator Separator Length 96 m M Hausmann, G Bollen

FRIB Preseparator 400 kW Beam Power Requirement, Slide 14Sherrill NN2012 5m Targe t SC Quadrupoles RT Multipole SC Dipoles Beam Dump and Fragment Catchers Beamline from Linac Momentum compressio n wedge RT Multipole SC Quadrupoles Beam Dump #2 Location  Challenges: beam power densities, radiation damage, activation, … G Bollen

 Fast, stopped, and reaccelerated beam capabilities (unique)  ReA12 experimental hall is ready for occupancy  ReA12 is not fully funded but was well reviewed by NSF, MSU will move forward with ReA6  Room for 3-4x expansion of the experimental areas Overview FRIB Reaccelerators, and Experimental Stations 30 meters Sherrill NN2012, Slide 15

 Space available for various upgrade options Higher energy ISOL targets Light ion injector (17 or 200 MeV/u) Multi-user simultaneous operation  Tunnel penetration locations identified in facility design for these upgrades Science-driven Upgrade Opportunities Light ion injector upgrade option 2 3 He +, 195 MeV/u Energy upgrade to ≥ 400 MeV/u for all ions (add 12 cryomodules, and improved performance of λ/2 cavities) ISOL targets 3 He, 400 MeV/u Multiuser capability Light ion injector upgrade option 1 3 He +, 17 MeV/u Sherrill NN2012, Slide 16 Glasmacher, Yamazaki, Wei

 MSU Independent Review March 13-16, 2012 Key Charge: Is the FRIB project ready to proceed to CD-2/3A? Answer: Yes. The design is adequately mature to support the Performance Baseline and the start of civil construction. The cost, schedule and contingency are valid for this scope of work.  DOE Project Review April 24-26, 2012 Charged by the Office of Nuclear Physics, the review committee assessed all aspects of the FRIB Project - technical, cost, schedule, management, environment, safety, health, and quality assurance All charge questions to the committee were answered affirmatively at the review closeout session – ready for start of civil construction Final report expected in the coming weeks Favorably Reviewed by MSU and DOE Sherrill NN2012, Slide 17

 Conceptual designcompleted 9/2010 (CD-1)  Preliminary design CD-2/3A (civil) review in April 2012  Civil construction begins2012 Pending DOE approval  Final design CD-3B (technical) review in 2013  Technical construction begins2013  Early project completion2019  Project completion2021  Total project cost $680M ($585 Federal) FRIB On Track, Moving Toward Construction, Slide 18Sherrill NN2012

FRIB Site Ready for Civil Construction to Begin  Utility relocation and site preparation continue on schedule; substantially completed in April, final completion in December 2012  Pictured above, installation of underground electrical and communication concrete-encased duct bank including new vaults (left), and installation of class II sand backfill at new steam tunnel (right) Sherrill NN2012, Slide 19

 Users are organized as part of the independent FRIB Users Organization FRIBUO has 1227 members (92 US Colleges and Universities, 10 National Laboratories, 53 countries) as of 16 April 2012 Chartered organization with an elected executive committee (Chair is Michael Smith, ORNL) FRIBUO has 20 working groups on experimental equipment  Science Advisory Committee Review of equipment initiatives (Feb. 2011) Review of FRIB Integrated Design (March 2012)  Low-Energy Community Meeting with NS2012 at ANL Aug. FRIB Users Organization August 2011 Joint Users Meeting 284 participants fribusers.org Sherrill NN2012, Slide 20

Nuclear structure:  Model and accurately describe nuclei and their reactions.  For example, we want to develop the ability to calculate with sufficient precision reactions like 7 Be(p,  ) 8 B (responsible for source of neutrinos from the core of the Sun) from first principles. (e.g. Navratil, Roth, Quaglioni PLB 2011)  This goal is very relevant to many sciences and applications. Scientific Goals Sherrill NN2012, Slide 21

 Open questions What are the correct degrees of freedom to model nuclei? How do we model the nuclear force? How do we understand the nuclear force in terms of QCD? Are DFT approaches used in chemistry and advanced materials applicable?  Approaches (part historical, part current) Liquid Drop Model – scattering experiments show all nuclei have approximately the same density Bohr Hamiltonian (later IBM) – description of rotational and vibrational features of nuclei Independent particle models, Shell Model (based on effective interactions) Hartree-Fock (Bogoliubov) Effective potentials from 2-body scattering data  Experiments with rare isotopes over the past 10 years have demonstrated the problems with these approaches The Challenge of Modeling Atomic Nuclei Sherrill NN2012, Slide 22

Theory Roadmap – 2007 NSAC Long Range Plan  Step 1: Use ab initio theory and study of exotic nuclei to determine the interactions of nucleons in light nuclei and connect these to QCD by comparison to lattice calculations of NN and NNN forces (Fodor)  Step 2: For mid-mass nuclei use configuration space models. The degrees of freedom and interactions must be determined from exotic nuclei (Otsuka, Hagen, …)  Step 3: Use density functional theory to connect to heavy nuclei. Exotic nuclei help determine the form and parameters of the DFT. Toward Understanding the Nuclear Force Step 3 is the one that will answer the question about what are the heaviest elements. Sherrill NN2012, Slide 23

 By measuring the differences we learn about the history of the star  The process that makes Barium (Ba) in early stars must be different from the main process that makes Iron (Fe)  There are many mysteries, only one example is that the [Ba/Fe] is not understood in early stars Chemical History of the Universe – the Fossil Evidence of the First Stars HERES Survey – Barklem et al. (2005) Sun [Ba/Fe] = [Fe/H] = 0 Sherrill NN2012, Slide 24

 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis  pp-chain  CNO cycle  Helium, C, O, Ne, Si burning  s-process  r-process  rp-process  νp – process  p – process  α - process  fission recycling  Cosmic ray spallation  pyconuclear fusion  + others There are a number of nucleosynthesis processes that must be modeled AZAZ fission (α,γ) β +, (n,p) β-β- (p,γ) (α,p) (n,2n) (n,γ) (γ,p) Sample reaction paths Sherrill NN2012, Slide 25

Angular correlations in β-decay and search for scalar currents o Mass scale for new particle comparable with LHC o 6 He and 18 Ne at /s Electric Dipole Moments o 225 Ac, 223 Rn, 229 Pa (few 1000x more sensitive than 199 Hg; 229 Pa > /s) Parity Non-Conservation in atoms o weak charge in the nucleus (francium isotopes; 10 9 /s) Unitarity of CKM matrix o V ud by super allowed Fermi decay o Test the validity of nuclear corrections Tests of Nature’s Fundamental Symmetries e γ Z 212 Fr G. Savard Sherrill NN2012, Slide 26

 2010 Santa Fe Workshop on Applications of Isotopes from FRIB  2012 Workshop at NSCL, July Sample Interesting Isotopes from FRIB and uses NuclideHalf-lifeUse 32 Si153 yOceanographic studies; climate change 221 Rn25 mTargeted alpha therapy 225 Ra/ 229 Po15 dEDM search in atomic systems 85 Kr11 y High specific activity 85 Kr for nuclear reaction network studies, e.g., s-process 44 Ti60 yTarget and ion-source material 67 Cu62 hImaging and therapy for hypoxic tumors Sherrill NN2012, Slide 27

 FRIB next-generation high-power RIB facility for new science opportunities with rare isotopes Properties of nucleonic matter Nuclear processes in the universe Tests of fundamental symmetries Societal applications and benefits  FRIB features Highest-power heavy ion linac High-performance fragment separator with 400 kW production area Stopping and reacceleration Provisions for isotope harvesting and multi-user capability  FRIB project ready to start civil construction and prepared to baseline Plan for starting civil construction in 2012  Broad science program - Goals of understanding the nuclear force, the origin of elements, testing nature’s symmetries and developing new applications  Strong FRIB user group in place Summary, Slide 28Sherrill NN2012