Structure of the vortex wake in hovering Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna)‏ by M. Wolf, V. M. Ortega-Jimenez, and R. Dudley Proceedings B Volume 280(1773):20132391.

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Structure of the vortex wake in hovering Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna)‏ by M. Wolf, V. M. Ortega-Jimenez, and R. Dudley Proceedings B Volume 280(1773): December 22, 2013 ©2013 by The Royal Society

Experimental arrangement for PIV with hummingbird hovering at a feeder inside the cube. M. Wolf et al. Proc. R. Soc. B 2013;280: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Representative wingtip movement kinematic for a hovering hummingbird, as seen from the side (a) and the top (b). M. Wolf et al. Proc. R. Soc. B 2013;280: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Sample images of hummingbird wake at the end of the upstroke for the (i) parasagittal and (ii) transverse planes. M. Wolf et al. Proc. R. Soc. B 2013;280: ©2013 by The Royal Society

(a) Strength of the different vortices measured as the percentage of the required weight support calculated using downstroke stop vortex, upstroke start vortex and LEVD (secondary vorticity tentatively identified as leading-edge vortex, see text for details... M. Wolf et al. Proc. R. Soc. B 2013;280: ©2013 by The Royal Society