Nanotechnology What, How, Why? NSTA, Indianapolis, March 30, 2012

Brought to you by … NSF grant DMI to the UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing Mort Sternheim, Director, STEM Education Institute, Rob Snyder, STEM Ed,

Today’s Agenda Introduction – Mort Sternheim –What, how, why? Make a nanofilm – Rob Snyder –Was Franklin the first nanotechnologist? Size Matters – Mort –Hands on activity Atomic force microscopy – Rob

Nanotechnology Summer Institute Monday to Friday, July 9 -13, 2012, UMass Amherst Middle and High School Science, Math, and Technology Teachers; Informal Educators (from anywhere) $75/day stipends ($375 total), materials, parking, lunches Housing (new air conditioned dorms) for those outside the commuting radius 3 graduate credits available at reduced cost; free PDP's (Professional Development Points) Also available: STEM DIGITAL See flyer

Website Today’s materialswww.umassk12.net/stem/materials.html –Application forms, agenda –Educational materials – PowerPoints, Teacher guides, student handouts, web links

What: Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter = 1 x m nano.gov

How small are nanostructures? Width = 0.1 mm = 100 micrometers = 100,000 nanometers ! Single Hair

Smaller still Hair. Red blood cell 6,000 nanometers DNA 3 nanometers

Relative sizes Atomic nuclei ~ meters = nanometers Atoms ~ meters = 0.1 nanometers Nanoscale ~ 1 to 100 nanometers ~ 10 to 1000 atoms Everyday world ~ 1 meter = 10 9 nanometers More on powers of ten on our website, others

How: Making Nanostructures

Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing "Top down" versus "bottom up" methods Lithography Deposition Etching Machining Chemical Self-Assembly

Self Assembly

SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS Block “A” Block “B” 10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A ~10 nm Ordered Phases PMMA PS Phase separation...on the nanoscale

Self-Assembled Nanoscale "Stencils" Deposition Template Etching Mask Nanoporous Membrane Remove polymer block within cylinders (expose and develop) A self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system (physical or electrochemical)

Nanofilms Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes "Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light Nanofilm on plastic Nanofilm on glass

A nanofilm method: Thermal Evaporation Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber vacuum ~10 -7 torr sample source film vacuum pump QCM vapor heating source Pressure is held low to prevent contamination! Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others There are many other thin film manufacturing techniques

Patterning: Photolithography substrate process recipe spin on resist resist expose mask (reticle) develop deposit applyspinbake spin coating exposed unexposed "scission" liftoff etch narrow line narrow trench

Patterning: Imprint Lithography Mold Template Polymer or Prepolymer Substrate Imprint Pressure Heat or Cure Release Thermal Imprint Lithography –Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography –Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold

Limits of Lithography Complex devices need to be patterned several times  Takes time and is expensive Limited by wavelength of light  Deep UV ~ 30nm features Can use electrons instead  1nm features possible  MUCH slower than optical IBM - Copper Wiring On a Computer Chip

Why: Applications

Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale? To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more -- a sustainable future!) To discover completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance. Some applications of nanotechnology have been around for a very long time already: Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles Photographic film - silver nanoparticles Tires - carbon black nanoparticles Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium Applications of Nanotechnology

Some key challenges facing society Water Energy Health Sustainable development Environment Knowledge Economy

Global Grand Challenges 2008 NAE Grand Challenges

Top Program Areas of the National Nanotechnology Initiative for Fundamental nanoscale phenomena and processes 2. Nanomaterials 3. Nanoscale devices and systems 4. Instrumentation research, metrology, and standards 5. Nanomanufacturing 6. Major research facilities and instrumentation 7. Environment, health and safety 8. Education and societal dimensions 484M 342M 402M 77M 101M 203M 117M 35M

Nanomanufacturing Processes must work at a commercially relevant scale Cost is a key factor Must be reproducible and reliable EHS under control Nanomanufacturing includes top-down and bottom-up techniques, and integration of both Must form part of a value chain

df/workshop/rejeski.pdf

10 GB GB GB GB GB 2007 Example: Data storage capacity of the iPod Hard drive Magnetic data storage Uses nanotechnology! Nanomagnets!

Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits Hitachi

Magnetic Data Storage A computer hard drive stores your data magnetically Disk NS direction of disk motion “Write” Head __ “Bits” of information NS “Read” Head Signal current magnets

Scaling Down to the Nanoscale Increases the amount of data stored on a fixed amount of “real estate” ! Now ~ 100 billion bits/in 2, future target more than 1 trillion bits/in 2 25 DVDs on a disk the size of a quarter, or all Library of Congress books on a 1 sq ft tile!

Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology Granular Media Perpendicular Write Head Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL) coil Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006) 1 bit CHM Goal: Make "perfect" media using self-assembled nano-templates Also, making new designs for storage

Solar Cells Konarka Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electrical energy.

Nanostructured Solar Cells + - Sunlight Voltage “load” Current More interface area - More power!

Targeted Cancer Therapy

Cancer Therapy tumor gold nanoshells Naomi Halas group, Rice Univ. targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment Nanoshells are coated with a substance that binds them to cancer cells. Absorb IR and destroy cancer cells with heat; no harm to healthy cells

More Applications Sunscreens with nanoparticles to block UVA –Earlier sunscreens only block UVB; UVA and UVB both cause cancer Water purification with nanofilters - sunscreen and nanofiltershttp://nanosense.org/ Stain resistant fabrics Better Kelvar bullet proof vests

The National Nanotechnology Initiative nano.gov - the website of the NNI

Nanotechnology is an example of The Medici Effect at work People from diverse fields working together -- more rapidly solving important problems in our society Physics Chemistry Biology Materials Science Polymer Science Electrical Engineering Chemical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Medicine And others Electronics Materials Health/Biotech Chemical Environmental Energy Food Aerospace Automotive Security Forest products

Cooperation and Collaboration Across Professions Makes It Happen  Cooperation of academia, industry, and government to advance science and technology  Example: America Competes Act (Dec. 2010) - Nanotechnology and Education play key roles  Example: American Manufacturing Partnership (June 2011) - Nanotechnology and Education play key roles Education + Science + Engineering + Business + Policy + More

A Message for Students Nanotechnology is changing practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing societies across the world