1. NANOTECHNOLOGY

2. NANO Prefix that means “one-billionth” Much too small with naked eye or even w/ a conventional light microscope Abbreviated “nm” http://www.powersof10.com/film http://htwins.net/scale2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3DREmTiAqA

4. NANOTECHNOLOGY Involves creating & manipulating materials at the nano scale By the end of 2011 there were more than 1,300 consumer products using some form of nanotechnology

5. NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology at the nano scale Includes the application of the tools & processes of nanotechnology to study & manipulate biological systems Has applications in drug delivery systems, diagnostic medical tests & regenerative medicine

6. Nanobiotechnology in NC NC is a global leader in nanobiotechnology Universities & industry focused on nanoscience research & applications 35 nanobiotechnology companies 70 nanotechnology companies 35 university research centers focused on nanobiotechnology in NC

9. Properties Matter is made up of atoms & molecules w/ physical & chemical properties Property is determined by type & arrangement of atoms & molecules

10. Physical properties Can be measured without changing the composition of the material EX: boiling & freezing temperatures of water are physical properties …..you can measure these temps without changing the water into a different chemical

11. Chemical properties Refer to how the material will interact with other materials.

12. nanoscale Materials composed of the same atoms & molecules may have different properties depending on their arrangement at the nanoscale http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ Snowflakes are a familiar example with structure determined at the nanoscale Even though each water molecule is the same, the many individual shapes are formed by nanoscale interactions of the water molecules as the snowflake forms

14. Chemical formula Materials may have same chemical formula but a different chemical bonding structure Ex: graphite, diamonds & carbon nanotube…all are composed solely of carbon atoms, but their different chemical bonding structures lead to very different chemical & physical properties….this in turns leads to very different uses for these materials

15. CHARACTERIZING MATERIALS At the nanoscale involves analyzing the structure & properties of the material to understand how the material will work in various applications Is used to check quality of incoming raw materials & each step of manufacturing process to detect & eliminate problems Researchers use specialized tools such as: scanning probe microscopes, atomic force microscopes & helium-ion microscopes

17. FABRICATING MATERIALS Make new materials with special properties TOP-DOWN method – start with existing materials & shape them at the nanoscale Ex: photolithography – process to transfer patterns & make layered materials using photosensitive substances & selective light exposure

18. Bottom-up method – use the natural properties of molecules & their tendency to organize themselves according to their charge & other features In nature, molecules are always moving Nanoscale structures are built by creating the right conditions for these moving molecules to self-assemble into desired structure

20. Tools & techniques Challenge of working at nanoscale is how to prevent contamination of materials being characterized or fabricated….even the tiniest particles present a threat CLEANROOMS – special facilities designed to keep airborne particles out (can be small labs or large manufacturing facilities) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwpu3pdNOvs

21. Air entering & circulating is constantly filtered to remove particles People wear special clothing to deep particle from skin & clothes contaminating air Special instruments needed for characterizing & manipulating materials at nanoscale New more powerful imaging techniques including scanning probe microscopes & helium ion microscopes, atomic force microscopes Very sensitive to vibrations – specially constructed rooms used to provide stable environment.

22. Concerns about Nano Possibility of producing new kinds of particles that were not previously found in nature, with negative biological effects So small & so reactive may be able to enter & react with cells in ways that larger particles of the same substance would not Nanoparticles are being manufactures into more consumer products, which eventually break down & release the nanoparticles

23. These particles will then accumulate in the environment & may bioaccumulate in organisms As particles enter various food webs, may biomagnify & eventually build up to toxic levels as they move up the food chain Ex: silver nanoparticles used to make antibacterial products such as clothing & food containers….released into environment as clothes washed… causing dangerous changes in soil bacteria populations which can cause soil to become infertile

24. Ex: titanium dioxide nanoparticles found in sunscreen…..when wash off accumulate in water supply where they may affect aquatic food chains…..have been shown to cause nerve cell damage in fish

25. Innovations in medicine PRINT – Particle Replication in Non-wetting Templates …..will lead to better understanding of how to use nanoparticles as delivery systems for medications Developing new vaccines that are cheaper, safer & more effective Properties of some nanoparticles allow to penetrate blood-brain barrier

26. Proteins that self-assemble into tiny nano cages, much smaller than cells…plan to attach molecules to outside to enable cages to recognize & enter cancer cells….toxin to destroy cancer cells within cage released after cage enters cancer cell

27. Diagnosis & treatment of cancer…using gold nanoshells which are heated with lasers killing the tumor cells while having little effect on healthy tissue

28. Careers in nanotechnology A rapidly emerging, multidisciplinary field Career paths opening with positions ranging from technician to research scientist NEED a strong basic background in chemistry, physics & biology, as well as engineering & design skills