Warm-Up September 8, 2014 What are pieces of information can you obtain from bones?

Objective SWBAT distinguish between male and female skeletal remains.

Agenda 1.Crime Formation of Bones 3.Bone Record of Injury 4.Romanovs Documentary – Part 2 5.Male vs. Female Skeletal Remains 6.Exit Slip

1. Where was the metal fragment found? A. On a shirtB. On a shoeC. On a pair of pants 2. Fill in the missing information in this statement: The scanning electron microscope can ____________ a very small sample and determine what materials make it up. 3. How does the special microscope work? A. It creates an image with a beam of electrons. B. It creates an image using lights and mirrors. C. It creates an image by taking a digital image and enlarging it. 4. What type of metal was the fragment? A. LeadB. AluminumC. Steel Watch the video and then answer the questions.

1. Where was the metal fragment found? A. On a shirtB. On a shoeC. On a pair of pants 2. Fill in the missing information in this statement: The scanning electron microscope can ____________ a very small sample and determine what it materials make it up. 3. How does the special microscope work? A. It creates an image using a beam of electrons. B. It creates an image using lights and mirrors. C. It creates an image by taking a digital image and enlarging it. 4. What type of metal was the fragment? A. LeadB. AluminumC. Steel The answers are … magnify

Osteoblasts All bones originate from cells called osteoblasts during fetal development. Osteoblasts migrate to the centers of cartilage production and deposit minerals such as Calcium Phosphate that harden to form bone or undergo ossification (hardening of bone).

As bone develops, distinct layers form to perform various functions: Periosteum, Spongy Bone, Compact Bone and Marrow.

Osteoclasts Osteocytes replace osteoblasts. Osteoclasts form to reshape growing bones by dissolving bone tissue.

Osteoclasts vs. Osteoblasts

Injuries Bones maintain a record of injury and trauma: –presence of improperly fused bones (no medical treatment for broken bone) –fractures (infliction of object or fall) –presence of holes (bullets if smooth, and blunt object like hammer if jagged).

Healing of Bones

Bones with Bullet Holes

Bones with Blunt Object Trauma

Romanovs Documentary- Part 2 5. Why were the bones controversial in Russia? 6. What was discovered once the media left regarding the 44 fragments? 7. How did they know the pelvis was a female? 8. Why is it a problem if the bone is burned? 9. What are some of the artifacts that were found near the bones? 10. What was interesting about the bullets that were found compared to the ones that were found in 1991?

Male vs. Female Skulls Male Frontal View –Eye shape and mandible are more square and brow ridge is thick and larger Side View –Low and sloping brow, base of the skull rough and bumpy and ramus of mandible is straight Female Frontal View –Eye shape and mandible are more rounded and v shaped respectively and brow ridge is thin and smaller Side View –High and rounded brow, base of the skull smooth and ramus of mandible is slanted

Male vs. Female Skull

Male or Female?

Male vs. Female Pelvis Male Subpubic angle degrees Triangular pubis Heart shaped pelvic cavity Female Subpubic angle 90 degrees Rectangular pubis Oval shaped pelvic cavity

Male vs. Female Pelvis

Male vs. Female?

Male vs. Female Femurs Male Thick and joins the pelvis at a straightened angle Female Thin and joins the pelvis at a greater angle than males

Male vs. Female Femur

Age – Suture Fusion Lambodial suture begins to close at the age of 21, accelerates at 26 and closes at 30. Sagittal suture closes at the age of 32. Coronal suture closes at the age of 50.

Epiphyseal Plate (aka growth plate) Various bones close at different ages Bone plates usually close around puberty Male bones close later than female bones

Fusion of Bones

Skulls Based on Race Skull Caucasoid (Caucasian): –Eye Orbit Shape- Rectangular –Nasal Spine-Very Small Skull Mongoloid (Asian): –Eye Orbit Shape- Rounded/Circular –Nasal Spine-Prominent Skull Negroid (African): –Eye Orbit Shape- Rounded –Nasal Spine- Somewhat Prominent

Height/Stature Height or stature is a calculated using established regression equations and vary by gender and race. We will utilize generic equations to ascertain the height of an individual (Emphasis should be placed on larger bones like the humerus and femur)

Height/Stature Stature = 4.62 x Humerus length (cm) Stature = 3.78 x Radius length (cm) Stature = 4.61 x Ulna length (cm) Stature = 2.71 x Femur length (cm) Stature = 3.29 x Tibia length (cm) Stature = 3.59 x Fibula length (cm)

Romanovs Documentary – Part What could happen if the first DNA test fails? 12. What did the main executor say about the daughters during the execution? 13. What did they determine from testing the gun shots against the jewel corset?

Homework Skeleton Labeling due Tuesday

Exit Slip September 8, 2014 Go to m.socrative.com and complete the exit slip ( Room ) Answer the question below QUESTION: How can you tell the difference between a male and female skeleton?