1. Drill 1. What are the function of bones? 2 How many bones do you have as an adult? 3. What are the three bones cells you have and what are their functions? Objective(S) Explain how bones connect and age. Explain osteobiography.

2. Drill 1. Name & describe the 3 ways bones are held together. 2. Define anthropology, physical anthropology, forensics anthropology. Objective(s) How bones determine gender, age, height.

3. 2. Define osteobiography. 3. Name 2 ways to determine if bones are male or female.

4. Drill Name a function of bone. What can bones tell us about the person?

5. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 5 Chapter 13 Forensic Anthropology: What We Learn from Bones By the end of this chapter you will be able to: describe how bone is formed distinguish between male and female skeletal remains explain how bones contain a record of injuries and disease describe how a person’s approximate age could be determined discuss the role of mitochondrial DNA in bone identification All Rights Reserved South-Western / Cengage Learning © 2009

6. Historical Development _______________ – Scientific study of all aspects of bone. tools language traditions ____________________________ – studies human differences

7. Historical Development ______________________________ – Studies these identifying characteristics on the remains of an individual. Sex Race Height Physical health

8. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 8 Historical Development 1. In the _________s, scientists began studying skulls. This laid the framework for today’s knowledge. 2. In ________________ the _______opened the first crime lab. 3. The _________________________ became its working partner in the identification of human remains. 4. Soldiers killed in _________________ were identified using anthropologic techniques. 5.__________________ in _________ found in the ___________of cells has been used in identification, (Romanov case)

9. Characteristics of Bone Bones are __________ Function – ___________________

10. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 10 Development of Bone Bones originate from cells called _____________, ________ type of bone cells. They migrate to the center of _____________ production and _____________ – _________. _____________ – _____ type of bone cell are __________ trapped in new bone _________. ______________ life, bones are being ___________, __________, and ___________. _____________, the ____ type of bone cell, among other tasks, _______ _______ ______.

11. Review Are bones alive? Name two functions of bones. Name the three types of bone cells.

12. Number of Bones Baby – _____ bones Adult – _____ bones – Bones ______ together.

13. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 13 How Bones Connect Bones are held together by: a. ___________ -wraps the ends of bones and keeps them from scraping one another. b. ___________—bands that connect two or more bones together. c. ___________—connect muscle to bone. Until about ____ years of age, bones ________ in _______. ___________ after ____ can be slowed with exercise.

14. Bone Aging ___________ being __________ and _________. ________ are _______ than _______ therefore bones increase in size until the age of 30. After _____ bones _________ in size and break down faster than reproduce. __________________ – risk of breaking bone because they lost calcium. Some individuals some vertebrate _________ and get the _________ appearance. Number of bones, their conditions, age health.

15. Review Name how bones connect to each other. At what age to bone remodeling slow down? What disease can you get if more bone is lost than replaced?

16. 16 What Bones Can Tell Us _________________ tells much about a person through the study of the skeleton. The bones of a _______________, for example, would be ____________ than the bones of the _______________. Forensic scientists realize that bones contain a record of the physical life. Analyzing bones can reveal clues to such things as __________, _____, ___________, and _________.

17. 17 Gender Is the female skull smoother than the male’s? _____________ Which frontal bone is lower and sloping? _________________ Are the male’s eye orbits more circular? __________________ Which jaw is more square, with an angle that is closer to 90 o ? ______

18. 18 Gender One of the _________ methods of determining the ________ of a skeleton is by examining the _______. The ________ of a woman’s pelvis can be _________. The sub pubic angle of the female pelvis is ________ than _______ o ; the male’s, ____.

19. Gender Femur (Thigh bone) – Females – angle of femur in relation to the pelvis is ________. – Males – Angle is _________ and _______.

20. Review Name two differences between a male and female skull. How do the hips tell us if it is a female or male?

21. Age Can be determine by: – Looking at particular _____________. – ____________ or ___________ of ____________. – Bones reach ______ at __________ _____, so looking for specific characteristics (sutures).

22. 22 Age By about age ____, the suture at the _______ of the _______ will have _______. By about age ______, the suture running across the top of the skull, back to front, __________will have ________. By about age _____, the suture running side to side _________over the top of the skull, near the front, will have __________.

23. 23 Age During life, many of the 450 bones a person has at birth grow together, finally forming 206 bones. As the ________ between them is replaced, an ________ line is _____. When the _______ is fully replaced, the line is ______ longer _________. This information can be used to _____________ a skeleton’s ______.

24. Review How can bones help us determine the age of a person? What does cartilage present in the skeleton tell us about the age of a person?

25. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 25 Height Just as age can be estimated by looking at the bones of the arm and leg, so also can an _______ of ______ be made. Often, the approximate height of a person can be calculated from ______ of the ____ ______ even if just ____ of those is _____. _____________ and ______ will need to be taken into consideration in making the estimate.

27. How to Estimate Height Femur (American Caucasian male) 2.32 X femur(cm) + 65.53 (cm) = height Convert cm to inches (2.54 cm = 1 inch) Ex. 2.32 X 50 (cm) + 65.53 = 181.53cm Height 181.53 cm / 2.54 = 71.47in 71.47 inches / 12 (inches in a ft) = 5.95

28. How to Estimate Height 3.36(humerus) + 71.48 = height +/- 4.43 cm Height/2.54 = height in inches

29. How to Distinguish Race Is ______ ________ because of ___________. ___________ have been _____________. Some distinguishing characteristics: – Shape of eye _______. – _________ or ________ of __________________. – Nasal index (measurement) – _____________________ (projection of the upper jaw, maxilla beyond the lower jaw).

30. Facial Reconstruction Exact _______ and ______ of bones will vary from person to person. Shape & Size of _______, tissues that lay on top of them will as well.

31. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 31 Facial Reconstruction A face is formed by the skull with the muscles and tissues on top of the skull. Theoretically, nonetheless, a face can be _______ from just skeletal remains. _________________ are positioned at __________ locations on a skull, and _______ is contoured to follow the height of the markers. Today, ____________ ___________ perform a similar function. These computer programs also can ______ missing persons and criminals.

32. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 32 DNA Evidence Bone contains ______ _______ _____. But it does contain ______________________. This has _____ that is __________ only from the ___________. Long after nuclear DNA has been _____ through tissue __________, ______________ can be obtained from bone. Results can be _________ with ___________________ on the __________________ of the family to identify skeletal remains.

33. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 33 Skeletal Trauma Analysis Forensic anthropologists often determine if ______ to bones occurred ______ or after _____. Definite __________ exist between patterns on bones made by _______ and the patterns _____ by the ___________ after __________. __________________, ________________, ______________, and ______ wounds all have ______________ __________________.

34. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 34.......... Summary.................. Summary........ Bones are live and carry on all life functions. The condition of bones can tell investigators about a person’s health and nutrition during life. Male and female skeletons differ in many ways. The age of a person at death can be estimated by analysis of a number of bones.