Anatomy Of The Female Genital Tract Dr. Miada Mahmoud Rady EMS – 473 Gynecological Emergency Lecture 1

1.Introduction. 2.External genital tract. 3.Internal genital tract. 4.Home work.

Gynecology : is the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and care of the reproductive system of women. Obstetrics : is the branch of medicine that deals with birth.

Female genital tract Internal genitalia (Genital tract): 1.Ovaries. 2.Oviducts. 3.Uterus. 4.Cervix. 5.Vagina. External genitals (vulva): 1. Labia major 2. Labia minor 3. Mons pubis 4. Clitoris 5. Perineum 6. Vestibule.

Anatomy of the female genital system

External genital tract  Collectively known as vulva or pudendum.  Called external as it seen from outside of the body.

Female external genitalia

External genital tract 1.Mons pubis : Rounded pad of fatty tissue that overlies and protects the symphysis pubis. Located Anterior to the urethral and vaginal openings. Covered by course, dark hair which normally appears in early puberty and become sparse after menopause.

External genital tract 2.The labia majora and labia minora : Surround and protect the vaginal opening. The labia majora are darkly pigmented and covered with pubic hair, but the labia minora are not. 3.The clitoris : Cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves. Located at the anterior junction of the labia minora. Has an important role in the sexual excitement of the female.

External genital tract 4.The perineum : The area of muscle and tissue located between the vaginal opening and anal canal. Contains an abundance of nerve endings that make it sensitive to touch. Episiotomy : is an incision of the perineum used during childbirth for widening the vaginal opening.

External genital tract 5.The Vestibule : Is oval-shaped area formed between the labia minora, clitoris, and fourchette. Structure located within the vestibule are : A.Urethral opening. B.Vaginal opening ( covered by the hymen). C.Bartholin glands.

Female External genitals

Vagina  Fibromuscular tube that extends from the perineum through the pelvic floor and into the pelvic cavity.  About 8-12 cm long.  Lying between the bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly.  The vagina connects the uterus above with the vestibule below.  Function : passage of menstrual flow, passage of fetus,the female organs of coitus.

Anatomical Relations Of the Vagina

Cervix  The lowermost part of the uterus and it is about 2.5 to 3 cm.  The os is the opening in the cervical canal that runs between the uterus and vagina, there are two : A.The internal os : is the opening between the cervix and uterus( in the upper part of the cervix). B.The external os : is the opening between the cervix and vagina ( in the lower part of the cervix).

Cervix  During childbirth, the cervix Dilates And Shortens to accommodate the passage of the fetus, dilation is a sign imminent labour ( Effacement ).

The Uterus  The uterus is a hollow, pear shaped, thick-walled muscular organ and weights about gm.  The uterus lies in the midline between the bladder and rectum.  The uterus is divided into Three Parts : body, isthmus and the cervix.  The uterine wall is made up of Three Layers: Perimetrium, Myometrium and Endometrium.

Anatomical parts of the uterus A. Body : fundus is part of the body above insertion of the uterine tubes. B. Isthmus. C. Cervix or the neck of the uterus.

Layers of the uterus  Perimetrium : outer peritoneal layer.  Myometrium : middle muscular layer of the uterus.  Endometrium : is the inner layer of the uterus, it is responsive to the cyclic variations of estrogen and progesterone during the female reproductive cycle every month.

Structural anatomy of the uterus Structural anatomy of the uterus

The Function Of The Uterus 1.Menstruation : monthly shedding of the endometrial lining of the uterus. 2.Pregnancy : the uterus support s, protects and allows the fetus to grow. 3.Labour and birth : the uterine muscle contracts to expel the fetus outside the uterus.

Fallopian tubes  Also known as oviducts or uterine tube.  The two long slender tubes (passageways) that connect uterus to ovary.  Normally there is one fallopian tube associated with each ovary.  Length : (8 to 14) cm, average (10) cm.

Fallopian tubes  Function : A. The site of fertilization of the ovum by the male sperm (outer third). B.Serve as a pathway for the fertilized ovum to the uterus, ( fertilized egg takes approximately 6 to 10 days to travel through the fallopian tube to implant in the uterine lining).

Anatomical parts of the fallopian tubes

Fertilization of the ovum in the fallopian tubes

The Ovaries The female gonads or sex glands. Two almond-sized, located on each side of uterus behind & below fallopian tubes. Function of the ovaries: 1.Production of estrogen & progesterone in response to follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted from pituitary gland. 2.Production of the ova.

z 1.Home work identify the following numbers

2.Please identify the numbers associated with the following pictures??

Home work  From your study to the previous picture 2, answer as required : 1.Function of both number 7 and 4.

Any questions ????

Physiology Of Female Reproduction Dr. Miada Mahmoud Rady EMS /473 Gynecological Emergency Lecture 2

Ovulation  A woman is born with approximately 400,000 immature eggs called follicles.  During a lifetime a woman release around 400 to 500 fully matured eggs for fertilization.  The follicles in the ovaries produce the female sex hormones, progesterone and estrogen.  These hormones prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg.

Menstrual cycle Definition : cyclical changes occurring from one menstruation to the next and is composed of the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle. Duration of the cycle : varies from days, average 28 days (28+/-7days).

Menstrual cycle MenstrualovarianFollicularLutealuterineProliferativeSecretoryMenstruation

Ovarian cycle 1.Follicular phase : The first phase of the ovarian cycle. Starts from days 1 to day 13, First day of menstruation until ovulation. FSH ( follicle stimulating hormone) promotes the development of a follicle that secretes estrogen. An estrogen spike leads to a surge in LH and ovulation around day 14 in the 28-day cycle.

Ovarian cycle 1.The luteal phase: The second phase of the ovarian cycle Starts from day 14 to day 28, when the oocyte is released from the ovary (ovulation) and ends on the first day of menstruation, LH promotes the develop of the corpus luteum that functions to secrete progesterone. If pregnancy does not occur menstruation begins.

Simply ::::

Uterine cycle 1.The proliferative phase: The first phase of the uterine cycle is. Starts from Day 5 to day14, time after the end menstruation and just before the next ovulation occurs. The uterine lining (endometrium) increases in thickness under the effect of estrogen secreted by growing follicle to be prepared to receive a fertilized oocyte.

Uterine cycle 2. The secretory phase The second phase of the uterine cycle Starts from day 14 to day 28, time after ovulation until the onset of the menstruation Occurs when the oocyte is not fertilized leading : a.Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease. b.The thick lining of the uterus is shed from the woman's body.

Uterine cycle  Menstruation (menstrual phase): shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium.  both menstrual and proliferative phases occur before ovulation and together they correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle while the secretory phase corresponds to the luteal phase.

Any questions ?? Thank you