11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 1 Methodology L7 Lecture 6 Teaching Speaking

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 2 Teaching Speaking Elements of speaking The ability to speak fluently presupposes not only knowledge of different language features, but also the ability to process information and language 'on the spot'. A speaker's productive ability involves both: 1- The knowledge of language skills 2- The rapid processing skills that speaking requires.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 3 1-Language features Among the elements necessary for spoken production are the following: Connected speech: Effective speakers of English need to be able not only to produce the individual phonemes of English but also to use fluent 'connected speech' In connected speech sounds are sometimes modified, omitted, added, or weakened (through contractions, intonations and stress). It is for this reason that teachers should involve students in activities designed specifically to improve their connected speech

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 4 Language features cont. Expressive devices: Effective speakers of English change the pitch and stress of particular parts of utterances. They vary volume and speed and show by other physical and non-verbal (paralinguistic) means how they are feeling (especially in face-to-face interaction). The use of these devices contributes to the ability to convey meanings. They allow the extra expression of emotion. To be effective communicators, students should be able to use some of these features and devices

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 5 Lexis and grammar: Teachers should supply a variety of phrases for different functions such as agreeing or disagreeing, expressing surprise, shock, or approval. Students need to use different language functions where they are involved in specific speaking contexts Language features cont.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 6 Language features cont. Negotiation language: We often need to ask for clarification when we are listening to someone speaking. For students, this is crucial. A useful thing teachers can do, therefore, is to offer them phrases such as the following: I'm sorry, I didn't quite catch that. I'm sorry, I don't understand. What exactly does ………. mean? Could you explain that again, please?

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 7 2- Mental - social processing If part of a speaker's productive ability involves the knowledge of language skills such as those discussed above, success is also dependent upon the rapid processing skills that speaking requires.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 8 Language processing: Effective speakers need to process language in their own heads and put it into coherent order so that it comes out in forms that are not only comprehensible, but also convey the meanings that are intended. Language processing involves the retrieval of words and phrases from memory and their assembly into syntactically and propositionally appropriate sequences. One of the main reasons for including speaking activities in language lessons is to help students develop habits of rapid language processing in English. 2- Mental - social processing cont.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 9 2- Mental - social processing cont. Interacting with others: Speaking involves interaction with one or more participants. This means that effective speaking also involves a good deal of listening. It requires an understanding of how the other participants are feeling, and a knowledge of how to take turns or allow others to do so.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz Mental - social processing cont. (On-the-spot) information processing: part from our response to others' feelings, we also need to process the information they tell us the same moment we get it. The longer it takes, the less effective we are as instant communicators.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 11 Classroom speaking activities Many of the common classroom speaking activities which are currently used are in one way or another communicative activities. Examples of these speaking activities are as follow: 1-Acting from a script We can ask our students to act out some scenes from plays and/or their course-books. Students may act out dialogues they have written themselves.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 12 Classroom speaking activities cont. Acting frequently involves students in coming out to the front of the class. When choosing who should come out to the front of the class we need to be careful not to choose the shyest students first, and we need to work to create the right kind of supportive atmosphere in the class. We need to give students time to revise their dialogues before they are asked to perform them. Where the whole class is working on the same dialogue or play extract, teachers can go through the script as if they were theatre directors, drawing attention to appropriate stress, intonation, and speed. By giving students practice in these things before they give their final performances, teachers ensure that acting is both a learning and a language producing activity.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 13 Classroom speaking activities cont. Communication games Games which are designed to provoke communication between students frequently depend on an information gap, so that one student has to talk to a partner in order to solve a puzzle, draw a picture (describe and draw), put things in the right order (describe and arrange), or find similarities and differences between pictures.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 14 Classroom speaking activities cont. Communication games Games which are designed to provoke communication between students frequently depend on an information gap, so that one student has to talk to a partner in order to solve a puzzle, draw a picture (describe and draw), put things in the right order (describe and arrange), or find similarities and differences between pictures.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 15 Classroom speaking activities cont. Classroom speaking activities cont. Discussion One of the reasons that discussions fail, is that students are reluctant to give an opinion in front of the whole class, particularly if they cannot think of anything to say and are not confident of the language they might use to say it. The 'buzz group' is one way in which a teacher can avoid such difficulties. In Buzz groups, students have a chance for quick discussions in small groups before any of them are asked to speak in public. Because they have a chance to think of ideas and the language to express them with before being asked to talk in front of the whole class, the stress level of that whole-class performance is reduced.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 16 Classroom speaking activities cont. Buzz groups can be used for a whole range of discussions. For example, we might want students to predict the content of a reading text, or we may want them to talk about their reactions to it after they have read it. Teachers can use them whenever there is a need to involve students in discussion.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 17 Classroom speaking activities cont. Another way to involve students in quick discussions is to insert 'instant comment' mini-activities into lessons. This involves showing them photographs or introducing topics at any stage of a lesson and nominating students to say the first thing that comes into their head. Teachers may involve students in formal debate, where students prepare arguments in favour of or against certain topics

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 18 Classroom speaking activities cont. Prepared talks A popular kind of activity is the prepared talk where a student or a group of students make a presentation on a topic of their own choice. Such talks are not designed for informal spontaneous conversation; because they are prepared. However, if possible, students should speak from notes rather than from a script.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 19 Classroom speaking activities cont. Questionnaires Questionnaires are useful because, by being pre-planned, they ensure that both questioner and respondent have something to say to each other. Students can design questionnaires on any topic that is appropriate. As they do so the teacher can act as a resource, helping them in the design process. The results obtained from questionnaires can then form the basis for written work, discussions, or prepared talks

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 20 Classroom speaking activities cont. Simulation and role-play Many students get great benefit from simulation and role-play. Students 'simulate' a real-life encounter. Simulation and role-play can be used to encourage general oral fluency, or to train students for specific situations especially when they are studying ESP.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 21 Classroom speaking activities cont. For a simulation to work it must have the following characteristics: 1- Reality of function: students must not think of themselves as students, but as real participants in the situation. 2- -A simulated environment: the teacher says that the classroom is a simulated environment. 3-Structure: students must see how the activity is constructed and they must be given the necessary information to carry out the simulation effectively.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 22 Classroom speaking activities cont. Simulation and role-play have three distinct advantages: They can be good fun and thus motivating. They allow hesitant students to be more forthright in their opinions and behaviour, since they do not have to take the same responsibility for what they are saying. Third, by broadening the world of the classroom to include the world outside, they allow students to use a much wider range of language than some more task-centred activities may do.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 23 The roles of the teacher Teachers need to play a number of different roles during the different speaking activities described above. However, three have more importance if we are trying to get students to speak fluently: Prompter Participant Feedback-provider

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 24 The roles of the teacher cont. Prompter: students sometimes get lost, they cannot think of what to say next, or in some other way lose the fluency we expect of them. We can leave them to struggle out of such situations on their own, and indeed sometimes this maybe the best option. However, we may be able to help them and the activity to progress by offering discrete suggestions. If this can be done supportively - without disrupting the discussion-,this will stop the sense of frustration that some students feel when they come to a 'dead end' of language or ideas

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 25 The roles of the teacher cont. Participant: teachers may want to participate in discussions or role-plays themselves. That way they can prompt students, introduce new information to help the activity along, ensure the continuity of students' engagement, and generally maintain a creative atmosphere. However, in such circumstances they have to be careful that they do not participate too much. Dominating the speaking and drawing all the attention to themselves is not good during speaking activities.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 26 The roles of the teacher cont. Feedback provider: the essential question of when and how to give feedback in speaking activities is answered by considering carefully the effect of possible different approaches. When students are in the middle of a speaking activity, over-correction may inhibit them and take the communicativeness out of the activity. On the other hand, helpful and gentle correction may get students out of difficult misunderstandings. It depends upon our technique and the appropriatness of the feedback we give our students in certain situations.

11/12/2015Dr. Hanaa El-Baz 27 The roles of the teacher cont. When students have completed an activity, it is vital that we allow them to assess what they have done and that we tell them what, in our opinion, went well. We will respond to the content of the activity as well as the language used. The end