Flow Diagram of the Gap Nickel Mine Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Fines to Jigging Mining & Hoisting Hand Crushing & Sorting Waste Roasting in Vertical Kilns SO2 Gas SO2 Gas Smelting in Blast Furnaces Concentrate Slag Matte Crushing & Packaging Shipping to Camden Refinery

Gap Nickel Mine Mining, Milling, & Smelting Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and American Nickel Works Refining & Rolling Camden, New Jersey 1860 - 1890

To Sustain Profitable Operations Don’t run out of ore Sell products under a sole-source government contract Keep metal prices high Keep wages and energy costs low Avoid pollution controls Block foreign and domestic competition

Nickel Prices: 1860 - 1890

Flow Diagram of the American Nickel Works Camden, New Jersey SO2 Gas Oxidative Smelting/Casting/Crushing (three cycles) Matte from Pennsylvania Slag Matte (low iron) SO2 Gas Oxidative Roasting/Fine Crushing (three cycles) Cu, Ni, & Co Oxides (low iron) H2SO4 CuSO4 Sulfuric Acid Leach Iron Waste Ca(OH)2 Ni & Co in solution CaOCl2 Co Oxide Ni/Co Separation Ca(OH)2 NiO Charcoal Nickel Oxide Refining & Reduction Ni Metal

Gap Nickel Mine – Smelter Data Ore Matte Slag tonnes/month 600 100 640 %Cu 0.90 5.0 0.078 %Ni 1.80 10.0 0.112 %Co 0.09 0.4 0.024 %S 15.0 28.0 0.181 %Fe 24.0 50.0 13.9 %SiO2 31.0 45.1 %Al2O3 7.0 6.5 %CaO 8.0 13.8 %MgO 12.0 12.4