Lecture Exam II Review Chapters 7-12

Chapter 7 Metabolism – Define metabolism – Catabolic – Anabolic – Hormones involved Water chemistry – Dehydration synthesis – Hydrolysis Redox – Define – Where occurs – Problems Vitamins Needed Minerals Needed Anaerobic processes Aerobic processes Macronutrient Metabolism – Carbohydrates – Fats – Proteins – Processes Where Important Steps Important Terms End Results For – Glycolysis – TCA – ETC – Beta Oxidation – Deamination Ketones – What are they? – Where formed? – How might they be used?

Chapter 8 Vitamins for Metabolism – Thiamin (B1) – Riboflavin (B2) – Pyridoxine (B6) – Niacin (B3) – Pantothenic acid (B5) – Folic Acid (B9) – Cyanocobalmin (B12) – Biotin – Choline Give Source Give Use for metabolism Deficiency issues Toxicity issues Minerals for Metabolism – Iodine – Iron – Copper – Chromium – Manganese – Selenium – Sulfur – Zinc Give Source Give Use for metabolism Deficiency issues Toxicity issues

Chapter 9: Fluid, Electrolyte, A/B Know fluid compartments Vitamins – Know B vitamin carriers for H+ NAD FAD Minerals – Know Source – Know Use – Know examples Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus Chloride Acid/Base (A/B) – Define acid and base – Define pH – Define chemical buffer – Respiratory control of A/B – Renal control of A/B Hormones – Know source – Know Use – Know examples ADH Aldosterone Calcitonin Calcitriol

Chapter 10: Antioxidants Define Terms – Antioxidants – Redox – Free radical ROS – Define – Give causes – Give examples Enzyme systems – SOD – Catalase – Glutathione peroxidase Vitamins – E – C – A Minerals – Se – Cu – Iron – Zn – Mn

Chapter 11: Bone Function of Skeleton Bone Cells Bone Matrix Osteon structure Bone growth – Longitudinal (length) – Appositional (width) Hormones Ossification – Endochondrial – Intramembranous Bone fracture Bone remodel Bone Scans – DEXA – T Score Vitamins – C – D – A – K Minerals – Ca++ – PO4= – Fe (Iron) – Mg++ – Mn – Fl (Fluoride)

Chapter 12: Blood Plasma – Composition – Function Red bone marrow Platelets – Hemostasis – Plug RBC – Erythropoiesis – Hemoglobin – Anemias Vitamins – K – Folate – B12 – B6 Minerals – Fe – Zn – Cu

Chapter 12: Immune Immunity Responses – Inflammation – Cytokines Antigen – Self (MHC-HLA) – Non Self (Foreign) Cells – Leukocytes – Phagocytosis Divisions – Innate (Nonspecific) 1 st Line 2 nd line – Acquired (Specific) Humoral Antibody Mediated Cell Mediated – Problems Autoimmune Deficiencies Hypersensitivity Vitamins – A – C – E Minerals – Zn – Cu – Fe – Se