Discrete-time controllers structures and tuning Š. Kozák 2000, Department of Automatic Control Systems For Vienna University.

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Discrete-time controllers structures and tuning Š. Kozák 2000, Department of Automatic Control Systems For Vienna University

PID regulátory – spätnoväzbové štruktúry Riadenie (CO) u(t) : Proportional gain Integral gain Derivative gain

Proportional feedback gain K P Proportional control : Feedback control c(t) is linearly proportional to the error : Steady state error will decrease Faster response Too much gain will make the system unstable

Integral feedback gain K I Integral control: Penalty on the past error Zero steady state error Destabilizing influence –It gets oscillatory as K I increases

Derivative feedback gain K D Derivative control: Stabilize the system: –reduce oscillatory behavior Create a damping effect in the system dynamics It makes system slow down

Continuous regulator: principle of PID set-point plant command variable KiKi KpKp KdKd dd d dt PID The proportional factor K p generates an output proportional to the error, it requires a non- zero error to produce the command variable. Increasing the amplification Kp decreases the error, but may lead to instability The integral factor K i produces a non-zero control variable even when the error is zero, but makes response slower. The derivative factor K d speeds up response by reacting to an error step with a control variable change proportional to the step. error process value integral factor derivative factor proportional factor measurement

PID response asymptotic error: proportional only too much proportional factor: unstable no remaining error, but sluggish response: integral only differential factor increases responsiveness

Performance specifications of the closed loop system (step response ) Steady state error: Maximum overshoot: Delay time: Rise time: Settling time:

Digital control systems Digital realisation of an “analogue type” controller ADC- Digital controller - DAC should behave the same as an analogue controller (e.g. PID type), which implies the use of a high sampling frequency (the algorithm implemented is very simple) Bad use of the potentialities of the digital controller System Digital Controller y(t) Perturbations e  t) y ref (t) + - DACADC e  k) u(k) u(t) TsTs “Il ne suffit pas de mettre un TIGRE (microprocesseur ou DSP) dans son régulateur, il faut rajouter de l’intelligence”

System Digital Controller y(t) Perturbations Yref(k) + - DAC e(k) u(k) u(t) Ts The sampling frequency is chosen in accordance with the bandwidth desired for the closed-loop system Intelligent use of the “computer” : high sampling period and then implementation of complex algorithms requiring greater computation time. Not only a copy of analogue control : BRAINWARE The sampling frequency is chosen in accordance with the bandwidth desired for the closed-loop system Intelligent use of the “computer” : high sampling period and then implementation of complex algorithms requiring greater computation time. Not only a copy of analogue control : BRAINWARE ADC y(k) Discretized System Digital control systems Discrete-time system models and digital control algorithms y(k) = f[y(k-i), u(k-j)] or G(z -1 ) = z -d B(z -1 )/A(z -1 )

Choice of sampling frequency fs = 1/Ts = (6 to 25) * f CL B fs : sampling period f CL B : bandwidth of the closed-loop system fs = 1/Ts = (6 to 25) * f CL B fs : sampling period f CL B : bandwidth of the closed-loop system If fs is fixed => limit for f CL B (  fs /15 ) No more

Úvod do prepočtov spojitých regulátorov na diskrétne formy Ideálne „textbook“ PID regulátory Neideálne formy a opisy PID regulátorov Podmienky ekvivalentnosti spojitých a diskrétnych PID regulátorov vzhľadom na periódu vzorkovania Rekurentné formy – diferenčné rovnice diskrétnych PID regulátorov PID regulátory s ohraničením riadiaceho zásahu

Neidealizovaný (reálny) PID regulátor obsahuje v derivačnej zložke oneskorovací člen (zabezpečujúci realizovateľnosť derivačnej zložky). Základné spojité formy PID regulátorov Neideálna forma opisu PID (realizovateľná) ff =T d *(1/T f *Dirac(t)-1/T f 2 *exp(-t/T f ))

Základné diskrétne formy opisu PID regulátora Prenosová funkcia diskrétneho regulátora v s a z-oblasti : 2. 1.

ff =T d *(1/T f *Dirac(t)-1/T f 2 *exp(-t/T f )) Doplnok : Ako určiť originál k derivačnej zložke

1. Ak nahradíme integrál v spojitej verzii sumou (obdlžníková náhrada) deriváciu diferenciou prvého rádu, potom v k-tom diskrétnom kroku riadiaci zásah je vyjadrený kde P - je koeficient zosilnenia odpovedajúci proporcionálnemu zosilneniu spojitého PID regulátora, T i – resp. T d sú koeficienty odpovedajúce integračnej resp. derivačnej časovej konštante spojitého regulátora Rekurentný vzťah pre riadiaci zásah sa určí rozdielom u(k)-u(k-1) k k-1 - odčítaním Základné diskrétne formy PID regulátorov (DPID)

q0q0 q1q1 q2q2 q 0 > 0 q 1 >- q 0 -(q 0 +q 1 ) < q 2 < q 0 Podmienky ekvivalentnosti :

q0q0 u(k) q 0 -q 2 2q 0 +q 1 t=kT q 0 +q 1 + q 2 PCH - PID REGULÁTORA-PODM.EKVIVALENTNOSTI q 0 > 0 q 1 >-q 0 -(q 0 +q 1 ) < q 2 < q 0

K(1+c d ) u(k) K K(1+c i ) t=kT Kc i PCH - PID REGULÁTORA-PODM.EKVIVALENTNOSTI c d > 0 c i > 0 c i < c d

u(k) q0q0 t=kT PCH - PI REGULÁTORA-PODM.EKVIVALENTNOSTI q 0 +q 1

w(k)=w(k-1)=w(k-2) Iné formy a vyjadrenia diskrétneho PID regulátora Takahashiho vzťah (feedforward forma diskrétneho PID-u):

q0q0 q1q1 q2q Ak nahradíme integrál v spojitej verzii sumou (lichobežníková náhrada) deriváciu diferenciou prvého rádu, potom v k-tom a k-1 diskrétnom kroku riadiaci zásah je vyjadrený

Prenosová funkcia diskrétneho PID regulátora

Podmienky ekvivalentnosti PID a PSD regulátora Podmienky „ekvivalentnosti“:

q0q0 u(k) q 0 -q 2 2q 0 +q 1 t=kT q 0 +q 1 + q 2 q 0 > 0 q 1 >-q 0 -(q 0 +q 1 ) < q 2 < q 0

Podmienky ekvivalentnosti PSD regulátora s PID regulátorom Iná ekvivalentná forma vyjadrenia diskrétneho PID regulátora (rkoz0)

Veľmi často sa odchýlka nahrádza e(k) e(k-1), čím sa dosahuje okamžité pôsobenie riadiaceho zásahu na proces. Táto zmena sa prejaví aj v prenosovej funkcii regulátora na integračnej zložke, ktorá neobsahuje v čitateli člen z -1. Integračná zložka: Riadiaci zásah podľa (rkoz0) je potom tvorený súčtom jednotlivých zložiek Derivačná zložka : Proporcionálna zložka : Paralelná forma diskrétneho PID regulátora: Upravený tvar DPID

Vynechávaním jednotlivých koeficientov q i, pre i=0,1,2 dostaneme rôzne štruktúry diskrétnych regulátorov. Ak vo vzťahu (rkoz0) položíme q2=0, dostaneme prenosovú funkciu diskrétneho regulátora v tvare: Diskrétny regulátor opísaný vzťahom (rkoz1) voláme diskrétny regulátor prvého rádu (PS-regulátor). Riadiaci zásah diskrétneho PI regulátora je vyjadrený diferenčnou rovnicou (rkoz1) Podmienky ekvivalentnosti sú odvodené podobne ako u PID regulátora

u(k) q0q0 t=kT PCH - PI REGULÁTORA-PODM.EKVIVALENTNOSTI q 0 +q 1

Iné vyjadrenie PS regulátora je možné pomocou koeficientov K, c i a c d. Pre q 2 =0 je zosilnenie K a koeficienty c d a c i vyjadrené Prenosová funkcia diskrétneho PI regulátora (DPI) použitím koeficientov K, c i : Riadiaci zásah

Diskrétny I regulátor získame ak položíme q 0 =0, q 2 =0. Prenosová funkcia diskrétneho I regulátora je v tvare: Riadiaci zásah určíme z prenosovej funkcie Ak položíme c i =0, dostaneme diskrétny PD regulátor s prenosovou funkciou: Prenosová funkcia diskrétneho P regulátora Riadiaci zásah P regulátora: u(k) = q 0 e(k) ?

Modifikácia PID regulátorov úpravou derivačného člena jednoduchá náhrada derivácie diferenciou prvého rádu vnáša nepresnosti do rekurzívnzych a nerekurzívnzych foriem PSD regulátorov a môže spôsobiť, že riadiaci zásah nadobúda veľké a prudké zmeny. Aby sa tomu predišlo, využíva sa náhrada derivácie priemernou hodnotou napr. zo štyroch hodnôt odchýlky: Ak použijeme nerekurzívnu formu PID regulátora, potom deriváciu nahradíme vzťahom : pre rekurentnú formu:

PID formy „neidealizovaného“ diskrétneho regulátora Ak spojitý PID regulátor obsahuje v derivačnej zložke oneskorovací člen, môžeme jeho diskrétny opis určiť niekoľkými spôsobmi. Prakticky sa využívajú dva spôsoby prepočtu: Prvý spôsob prepočtu je realizovaný na základe určenia z-obrazu zo spojitého opisu, t.j.

Druhý spôsob výpočtu parametrov PID neideálneho diskrétneho PID regulátora môžeme určiť aproximatívnym spôsobom podľa Tustinového vzťahu. Dosadením za

Riadiaci zásah PID(NI) regulátora

Doplnok – kvalita regulácie frekvenčná oblasť

Closed Loop Open loop : system H(s) ; system with controller F(s).H(s) Closed loop : H CL (s) = F(s).H(s) / [ 1 + F(s). H(s) G(s) ] G(s) System Reg. Transducer F(s) H(s) Yref Y Disturbances Perturbations  + - Feed P Steady state error : F(s) must contains the internal model of the reference (the transfer function that generates Yref(t) from the Dirac impulse ; e.g. step = (1/s) * Dirac ; ramp = (1/s 2 ) * Dirac,...

Closed Loop : Perturbation rejection Perturbation-output sensitivity function : S yp (s) = Y(s) / P(s) = 1 / [1 + F(s).H(s).G(s)] Perturbation-output sensitivity function : S yp (s) = Y(s) / P(s) = 1 / [1 + F(s).H(s).G(s)] Perturbation rejection : S yp (0) = 0 to get a perfect rejection of the perturbation in steady state (controller must contain the classes of perturbation) and |S yp (  ) | < G ;   [ Example : |S yp (  ) | < 2 (6dB) ;   If the energy of the perturbation is concentrated in a given frequency band, the |S yp (  ) | should be limited in this band. Perturbation rejection : S yp (0) = 0 to get a perfect rejection of the perturbation in steady state (controller must contain the classes of perturbation) and |S yp (  ) | < G ;   [ Example : |S yp (  ) | < 2 (6dB) ;   If the energy of the perturbation is concentrated in a given frequency band, the |S yp (  ) | should be limited in this band.

Controller Design In order to design and tune a controller : 1) To specify the desired control loop performances Regulation and tracking : rise time and max overshoot or bandwidth and resonance 2) To choose a suitable controller design method 3) To know the dynamic model of the plant to be controlled => control model In order to design and tune a controller : 1) To specify the desired control loop performances Regulation and tracking : rise time and max overshoot or bandwidth and resonance 2) To choose a suitable controller design method 3) To know the dynamic model of the plant to be controlled => control model Control model : - Non parametric models : e.g. frequency response, step response,… - Parametric models : e.g. transfer function, differential eq., state eq. To get the model : - knowledge type model (based on the physic laws) ; used for plant simulation and design - identification models (from experimental data)

Continuous - time Models : Frequency Domain Linear system System u(t) = e j  t u(t) = e st y(t) = G(j  ). e j  t y(t) = G(s). e st  or f 20.log(|G|) Gain Phase  or f deg Bode Diagram x x xo Root locus : poles and zeroes Nyquist, Nichols,... Note: State Equation Differential Eq. Transfer function Observability, Controlablity

Continuous - time Models : Time responses Response of a dynamic system for a step input t Final Value (Steady state) Maximum overshoot (M) tRtR ts 0.9 FV t R : Rise Time ; define as the time needed to attain 90% of the final value ; or as the time needed for the output to pass from 10 to 90% of the final value t S : Settling Time ; define as the time needed for the output to reach and remain within a tolerance zone around the final value (±10%, ± 5%, ±1%,…) FV : Final Value ; a fixed output value obtained for t   M : Maximum Overshoot ; expressed as a percentage of the final value Example : 1 st Order H(s) = G/(1+sT) FV = G t R = 2.2 T t S = 2.2 T (for 10% FV) t S = 3 T ( for 5% FV) M = 0

Continuous - time Models : Frequency responses f B : Bandwidth ; the frequency from which the zero-frequency (steady state) gain G(0) is attenuated by more than 3 dB ; G(w B ) = G(0) - 3dB or G(w B ) = G(0) f C : Cut-off frequency ; the frequency from which the attenuation is more than N dB ; G(w C ) = G(0) - NdB Q : Resonance factor ; the ratio between the gain corresponding to the maximum of the frequency response curve and the value G(0) f B : Bandwidth ; the frequency from which the zero-frequency (steady state) gain G(0) is attenuated by more than 3 dB ; G(w B ) = G(0) - 3dB or G(w B ) = G(0) f C : Cut-off frequency ; the frequency from which the attenuation is more than N dB ; G(w C ) = G(0) - NdB Q : Resonance factor ; the ratio between the gain corresponding to the maximum of the frequency response curve and the value G(0) 20 log[ H(jw) ] w= 2 p f Resonance - 3 dB w B (f B ) w C (f C ) (p - m) x 20 dB/dec Nb of poles Nb of zeroes N dB

Reciprocity : Time / Frequency - 3 dB f B = 1/(2  T) f B  0.35 / t R t R = 2.2 T time frequency

Closed Loop : Margins  Im H(j  )  Re H(j  ) 1/G Gain Margin : DG = 1 / |H(jw 180 )| for F(w 180 ) = -180  Typical : G  2 (6dB) [min: 1.6 (4dB)] Gain Margin : DG = 1 / |H(jw 180 )| for F(w 180 ) = -180  Typical : G  2 (6dB) [min: 1.6 (4dB)]  Phase Margin :  = 180  -  (  cr ) for |  (j  cr ) = 1  cr : crossing pulsation Typical : 30     60  Phase Margin :  = 180  -  (  cr ) for |  (j  cr ) = 1  cr : crossing pulsation Typical : 30     60   cr Delay Margin :  =  0.  cr additional delay that could be tolerate by the open loop system without instability for the closed loop system Delay Margin :  =  0.  cr additional delay that could be tolerate by the open loop system without instability for the closed loop system  Module Margin :  M = |1 + H(j  )| min = |S -1 yp (j  )| min Measure of perturbation rejection and robustness of non linearity and time variable parameters Typical :  M  0.5 (-6dB) [min: 0.4 (-8dB)] Module Margin :  M = |1 + H(j  )| min = |S -1 yp (j  )| min Measure of perturbation rejection and robustness of non linearity and time variable parameters Typical :  M  0.5 (-6dB) [min: 0.4 (-8dB)]