1. Automatic Control System
IV.
Time domain performance
Stability

2. Transfer functions of closed loop
Gw(s)
Gr(s)
Gc(s)
Ga(s)
Gp1(s)
Gp2(s)
Gt(s)

3. Steady-state characteristic of the feedback system
WP2
y(t) t
WP1
Dynamic response of the feedback system R
The unit step response of the feedback systems shows the quality parameters in time domain.
r(t) t

4. Time domain performance specification
(rv-fv) = Steady-state error
90%
Tolerance band
Second peak value (spv)
Settling time
Rise time
10%
Final value (fv) of response It’s 100%
Peak value (pv)
Required value of response (rv)

5. Stability of a closed loop system
Definition of stability of linear system: Energised the closed-loop system input a short impulse which move the system from it’s steady-state position and wait. When the transient response has died and the system remove the original position or remain inside a predicted defined small area of the original position the system is stable and linear.
Definition of stability of non-linear system: Energised the closed-loop system input a short impulse which move the system from it’s steady-state position and wait. If the system remove and remain inside a predicted defined small area of the original position the system is stable.
If the transient response hasn’t died the system is unstable.

6. Stability examination from closed loop transfer function
Unit feedback model
r(s)
y(s)
A dynamic system is stable if the transient part of the differential equitation has died. It means the real part of the roots of the characteristics equitation have negative value.
If  negative.
The denominator of the operator transfer function is very similar to the characteristic equitation and the roots are the same.

7. Continuation of stability examination from closed loop
The transient solution is given bz the roots of
the differential equation’s characteristic equation.
The roots are equal the denominator of closed loop
transfer function and so it gives transient solution too.
A dynamic system is stable if the transient part of the differential equitation has died. It means the real part of the roots of the characteristics equitation have negative value.
If  negative.
The denominator of the operator transfer function is very similar to the characteristic equitation and the roots are the same. 7

8. Definition of stability in frequency domain
The system is stable if the all real part of the roots of denominator of the transfer function is negative.
The pi are named the poles and zj are named the zeros

9. Stability examination from closed loop’s transfer function
The root locus diagram
Poles and zeros arrangement
The root loci depends on the arrangement of poles and zeros and changing a parameter. The default: K runs from zero value to infinite. The loci shows the actual the roots’ positions at actual parameters’ value.
Root locus diagram: gyökhely görbe
Root loci: gyökhely
Poles arrangement of actual value of K

10. Advantages of stability examination from closed loop’s transfer function
Poles and zeros arrangement
Minimum damping ratio of the second order parts of transfer function
Acceptable region for poles
Using the results derived for first and second-order systems enables a bounded design region to be drawn on the s plane within which the poles produce an acceptable performance.
Maximum settling time

11. Stability examination from transfer function of opened-loop
Opened-loop transfer function
From definition of stability:
The frequency at which the open-loop system gain is unity is termed the gain-crossover frequency. The frequency at which the open-loop system phase-shift is -180° is termed the phase-crossover frequency.
The system is stable if plots of the opened-loop transfer function at the gain-crossover frequency the phase-shift less than -180° and at the phase-crossover frequency the amplitude gain less than unity.
Gain-crossover frequency: vágási frekvencia

12. Gain margin and phase margin
Opened-loop transfer function
The gain margin is the reciprocal of open-loop gain at the phase-crossover frequency. Expressed in decibel the gain margins is: -20log(open-loop’s gain at the phase-crossover frequency) dB
The phase margin is the difference of the phase-shift of the system and -180° at the gain-crossover frequency.
The system is stable if plots of the opened-loop transfer function at the gain-crossover frequency has a positive the phase margin and at the phase-crossover frequency has a positive the gain margin.
Gain-crossover frequency: vágási frekvencia

13. Stability examination from transfer function of opened-loop
Plots on j (s) plane is named Nyquist diagram.
This is a point on the s plane.
If the area of the s plane which is bordered by the positive real axis and the Nyquist plots doesn’t cover this point than the system is stable.
Independent plots the amplitude gain and phase-shift on lg axis is named Bode diagram.
It is the x axis line on the amplitude plots and the -180 phase-shift line on the phase-shift plots.
If the gain and phase margin criterion is
true the system is stable.

14. Advantages of working with Bode plots
Bode form of opened-loop transfer function
Bode plots of systems in series simply add. Bode’s important phase-gain relationship is given. A much wider range of system behaviour can be displayed on a single plot. Dynamic compensator design can be based on Bode plots.

15. Using MATLAB Start of stability examination K=1
First using root’s loci. Enabled damping ratio: 0.72, 0.45, 0,23
Secondly using Bode plots. Enabled phase shift: -120, -135, -150
Define the time domain performance specifications.

16. Summary questions
Definition of stability of linear and non-linear systems.
Which methods have used the closed-loop transfer function to examine the stability a control system?
Which methods have used the opened-loop transfer function to examine the stability a control system?
Explain the following terms: phase margin, gain margin.
Explain what is meant by the term “dead time” in control and how it may affect the stability of a control loop.