Parts of this presentation is extracted from Ian Sommerville’s slides located at Sommerville SE 8: Chapter 5, Chapter 26 1Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Getting to know you Who would like to tell us about herself? 2Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Objectives Know the principal tasks of software managers Understand the need for planning in all software projects Understand how graphical presentations can be used for project schedules Understand the risk management process in software projects 3Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Overview Why Software project management? Project Management Activities Team formation Project planning and scheduling Cost estimation 4Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Agree or Disagree Does good management guarantee project success? 5Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Why? Project management is needed because software development is always subject to budget and schedule constraints. 6Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

As a team…. Answer the following question: What does a project manager do? With your team, create a list of tasks. When you are done, assign a team member to be the reporter. 7Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Project Management Activities Proposal writing/ Report writing and presentations.  writing and communication skills (covered in other courses) Team formation (personnel selection) Project planning and scheduling. Project cost estimation. Project monitoring and reviews. (covered in QA chapter) 8Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Team Formation A project manager success starts with creating the best team possible and having the right people in the right roles. May not be possible to appoint the ideal people to work on a project Project budget may not allow for the use of highly-paid staff; Staff with the appropriate experience may not be available; An organisation may wish to develop employee skills on a software project. Managers have to work within these constraints especially when there are shortages of trained staff. More on people management in Chapter 25. 9Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Project Planning Probably the most time-consuming project management activity. Continuous activity from initial concept through to system delivery. Plans must be regularly revised as new information becomes available. Various different types of plans may be developed to support the main software project plan that is concerned with schedule and budget. 10Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Types of Project Plans 11Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Objective of project plans The project plan sets out: The resources available to the project; The work breakdown; A schedule for the work. It’s all about estimation, how much.. 12 Time Resources EffortMoney Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

A sample project plan With your team have a look at the project plan, and try to identify the main structural elements (structure) of the plan. Write a list (two copies) of the elements you find. One member of the group should act as the team reporter. Choose a different team to report your findings to. 13Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Structure of a project plan Introduction. Project organisation. Risk analysis. Hardware and software resource requirements. Work breakdown. Project schedule. Monitoring and reporting mechanisms. 14Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Risk Management Risk identification: what can go wrong Analyze the risk : determine the likelihood that it will occur and the damage it will do if it does occur Prioritize risks by probability and impact Develop plan and monitor to manage risks with high probability and high impact 15Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Risk Identification 16Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Risk Analysis & Prioritization I 17Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Risk Planning and Monitoring Consider each risk and develop a strategy to manage that risk. Avoidance strategies The probability that the risk will arise is reduced; Minimisation strategies The impact of the risk on the project or product will be reduced; Contingency plans If the risk arises, contingency plans are plans to deal with that risk; 18Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Example Replace potentially defective components with bought-in components of known reliability Defective Components Risk avoidance Strategy Reorganize team so that there is more overlap of work and people therefore understand each others job Staff illnessMinimization strategy Prepare a briefing document for senior management showing how the project is making a very important contribution to the goals of the business Organizational financial problems Contingency plan 19Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Work breakdown Activities in a project should be organised to produce tangible outputs for management to judge progress. Milestones are the end-point of a process activity. Deliverables are project results delivered to customers. To establish milestones the software process must be broken down into basic activities with associated outputs. 20Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Milestones and Deliverables 21 Deliverables Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Project Scheduling Split project into tasks and estimate time and resources required to complete each task. Organize tasks concurrently to make optimal use of workforce. Minimize task dependencies to avoid delays caused by one task waiting for another to complete. Dependent on project managers intuition and experience. 22Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Project Scheduling Process 23Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Bar charts and activity networks Graphical notations used to illustrate the project schedule. Show project breakdown into tasks. Tasks should not be too small. They should take about a week or two. Activity charts show task dependencies and the critical path. Bar charts show schedule against calendar time. 24Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Task duration and dependencies 25Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Activity Network 26Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Activity bar chart 27Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

The Critical Path (1) Early Finish Time (EF)=ES + Duration (2) Early Start Time (ES) =Largest of immediately preceding EF (3) Latest Start Time (LS) =LF-Duration (4) Latest Finish Time (LF) = Smallest of immediately following LS (5) Task Slack Time=L-E Tasks on the critical path has slack time=zero Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Maha Al-Yahya First Semester ES= > Preceding EF EF= ES + Duration LS= LF – Duration LF= < Following LS

Example Draw the activity Network for the following set of tasks Maha Al-Yahya First Semester TaskDependenciesDuration A--1 B 2 CA,B3 DB5 EC1

Project Cost Estimation There are three parameters involved in computing the total cost of a software development project Hardware and software costs including maintenance Travel and training costs Effort costs (paying software engineers) For most projects, the dominant cost in software development is effort cost. 31Maha Al-Yahya First Semester

Project cost estimation techniques Algorithmic cost modeling Expert judgment Estimation by analogy Parkinson’s law (resources available) Pricing to win (customer’s budget) For large projects it is advisable to use several cost estimation techniques and compare the results 32Maha Al-Yahya First Semester