1. Chapter 3 Project Management Parts of this presentation is extracted from Ian Sommerville’s slides located at http://www.pearsoned.co.uk/sommervillehttp://www.pearsoned.co.uk/sommerville Sommerville SE 8: Chapter 5, Chapter 26 1

2. Formulate teams Divide yourselves into…. Emeralds: 8 teams, 5 members per team Rubies: 8 teams, 7 members per team 2

3. Objectives Know the principal tasks of software managers Understand the need for planning in all software projects Understand how graphical presentations can be used for project schedules Understand the risk management process in software projects 3

4. Overview Why Software project management? Project Management Activities Team formation Project planning and scheduling Cost estimation 4

5. Do you Agree or Disagree 5 Good management guarantees project success Bad management usually result in project failure

6. Why? Project management is needed because software development is always subject to budget and schedule constraints. 6

7. As a team…. Answer the following question: What does a project manager do? With your team, create a list of tasks. When you are done, assign a team member to be the reporter. 7

8. Project Management Activities Proposal writing/ Report writing and presentations.  writing and communication skills (covered in other courses) Team formation (personnel selection) Project planning and scheduling. Project cost estimation. Project monitoring and reviews. (covered in QA chapter) 8

9. Team Formation A project manager success starts with creating the best team possible and having the right people in the right roles. May not be possible to appoint the ideal people to work on a project ◦ Project budget may not allow for the use of highly-paid staff; ◦ Staff with the appropriate experience may not be available; ◦ An organisation may wish to develop employee skills on a software project. Managers have to work within these constraints especially when there are shortages of trained staff. More on people management in Chapter 25. 9

10. Project Planning Probably the most time-consuming project management activity. Continuous activity from initial concept through to system delivery. Plans must be regularly revised as new information becomes available. Various different types of plans may be developed to support the main software project plan that is concerned with schedule and budget. 10

11. Types of Project Plans 11

12. Objective of project plans The project plan sets out:  The resources available to the project;  The work breakdown;  A schedule for the work. It’s all about estimation, how much.. 12

13. A sample project plan With your team have a look at the project plan, and try to identify the main structural elements (structure) of the plan. Write a list (two copies) of the elements you find. One member of the group should act as the team reporter. Choose a different team to report your findings to. 13

14. Structure of a project plan Introduction. Project organisation. Risk analysis. Hardware and software resource requirements. Work breakdown. Project schedule. Monitoring and reporting mechanisms. 14

15. Risk Management Risk identification: ◦ what can go wrong Analyze the risk : ◦ determine the likelihood that it will occur and ◦ the damage it will do if it does occur Prioritize risks by ◦ probability and impact Develop plan and monitor ◦ to manage risks with high probability and high impact 15

16. Risk Identification 16

17. Risk Analysis & Prioritization I 17

18. Risk Planning and Monitoring Consider each risk and develop a strategy to manage that risk. Avoidance strategies ◦ The probability that the risk will arise is reduced; Minimisation strategies ◦ The impact of the risk on the project or product will be reduced; Contingency plans ◦ If the risk arises, contingency plans are plans to deal with that risk; 18

19. Example Replace potentially defective components with bought-in components of known reliability Defective Components Risk avoidance Strategy Reorganize team so that there is more overlap of work and people therefore understand each others job Staff illnessMinimization strategy Prepare a briefing document for senior management showing how the project is making a very important contribution to the goals of the business Organizational financial problems Contingency plan 19

20. Work breakdown Activities in a project should be organised to produce tangible outputs for management to judge progress. Milestones are the end-point of a process activity. Deliverables are project results delivered to customers. To establish milestones the software process must be broken down into basic activities with associated outputs. 20

21. Milestones and Deliverables 21 Deliverables

22. Project Scheduling Split project into tasks and estimate time and resources required to complete each task. Organize tasks concurrently to make optimal use of workforce. Minimize task dependencies to avoid delays caused by one task waiting for another to complete. Dependent on project managers intuition and experience. 22

23. Project Scheduling Process 23

24. Bar charts and activity networks Graphical notations used to illustrate the project schedule. Show project breakdown into tasks. Tasks should not be too small. They should take about a week or two. Activity charts show task dependencies and the critical path. Bar charts show schedule against calendar time. 24

25. Task duration and dependencies 25

26. Activity Network 26

27. Activity bar chart 27

28. Project Cost Estimation There are three parameters involved in computing the total cost of a software development project  Hardware and software costs including maintenance  Travel and training costs  Effort costs (paying software engineers) For most projects, the dominant cost in software development is effort cost. 28

29. Project cost estimation techniques Algorithmic cost modeling Expert judgment Estimation by analogy Parkinson’s law Pricing to win For large projects it is advisable to use several cost estimation techniques and compare the results 29